182 larvae have pupated, a plant stalk or rod is placed in the water to enable the 

 pupa to emerge; the aquarium should be covered with a net. 



FIGURES 175-177. Breeding cages: 



175 — breeding cages with metal screen; 176 — breeding cages with a metal and fabric screen; 

 177 — various types of breeding cages (175 — according to Lepneva,176 and 177 — according 

 to Zhil'tsova and Chistyakova). 



Some Trichoptera of flowing water may also live in such aquaria; 

 however, they need a lower and more constant temperature, and have to be 

 kept in a cool place. The larvae of Trichoptera living in cold rapid streams 

 do not survive in ordinary aquaria; special breeding cages placed in their 

 natural environment are used for observations of these species and for 

 breeding adults (Lepneva, 1927; Zhil'tsova and Chistyakova, 1956). The 

 breeding cages (Figure 175) are boxes consisting of 2 halves, the walls of 

 which are made of metal screen on a wooden frame. For small species 

 (Hydroptilidae, Agapetinae) the mesh of the screen should be 0.2—0.3 mm; 

 for larger larvae a mesh of 1— 1.5 mm may be used. The breeding cages 

 may be made of bolting silk or gauze (Figures 176, 177); however, gauze 

 rapidly wears off and has to be changed frequently. An artificial bottom is 

 prepared in the cage, which resembles the natural conditions of the larva; 

 if predators are bred, small aquatic animals are placed in the cage. The 

 183 cage is placed in a creek (Figure 178); it should be hidden among stones or 

 shrubs. The top of the cage should be outside the water so that the pupa 

 can crawl out and the adults hatch; the cages should be examined daily. 



The breeding-cages or aquaria are very convenient when full-grown 

 larvae or pupae are found which are ready to hatch. Some of the material 

 is fixed, some is taken alive to the laboratory for observation and for 

 breeding, another is placed in breeding cages at the site of collection. 



Rheophilic caddis flies should be kept in aquaria with a water current; 

 such aquaria have been described (Murphy, 1919; Brickenstein, 1955, 

 Figure 1; Sattler, 1958:120—122, Figure 2; Kazlauskas, 1960, Figure l). 



171 



