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Key to Suborders 

 Full-grown larva 



1 (2). Larvae campodeiform; head prognathous. Dorsal and lateral 



tubercles of abdominal segment 1 absent. Numerous genera 

 without tracheal gills; if present, gills are situated either on the 

 thorax, or on the abdomen, or on thorax and abdomen, laterally 

 and ventrally; if they have a different arrangement, the forms are 

 small and gills are present only on the last abdominal segment. 

 Anal legs usually long, with downward- directed claws. Larvae 

 either without case or if they live in cases, they are not tubular . . 

 I. Annulipalpia Martynov (p.21l) 



2 (l). Larvae eruciform or suberuciform; head hypognathous or nearly 



hypognathous. Dorsal and lateral tubercles of abdominal segment 1 

 and tracheal gills present (with rare exceptions); gills present 

 only on abdomen, on the dorsal, lateral and ventral side of segments. 

 Anal legs short, with laterally-directed claws. Larvae live in 

 cases which are cylindrical, conical, trihedral or tetrahedral tubes 



with a covering of mineral or plant particles 



II. Integripalpia Martynov 



Pupa 



1 (2). Abdominal segment 1 without dorsal tubercles. Anal appendages 



lobe-shaped; if oblong, they are not very thin; they are sometimes 

 absent. Pupae situated in cavelike cases of mineral (rarely 

 vegetable) particles with an open ventral side attached to the 

 substrate; if in closed cases, pupae are small (3—5 mm), of varying 

 form, consisting of secretion and sand grains; tubular cases have 

 smooth walls of sand grains only in the Macronematinae, which are 

 large species in the rivers in the Far East, and East and South 

 Siberia I. Annulipalpia Martynov (p.21l) 



2 (l). Abdominal segment with a dorsal tubercle with denticles or spines. 



Anal appendages usually thin, rodlike or lobe -shaped, short and 

 pointed. Pupae in tubular cases resembling the larval cases; 

 their end covered with a membrane with 1 or several rounded, 

 slitlike or irregular openings ... II. Integripalpia Martynov 



I. Suborder ANNULIPALPIA Martynov 



Full-grown larva. Larvae campodeiform, 2.5— 40 mm long; head 

 prognathous; abdomen of most forms long, more or less dorsoventrally 

 compressed, sometimes laterally compressed; constrictions between 

 abdominal segments deep; gills (if present) situated in the pleural and ventral 

 region of the body; isolated dorsal gills or gills on claws present only on the 

 9th abdominal segment of Hydroptilidae. Anal legs usually long, with a 

 downward-directed claw. Most species live free, without case; among them 

 are many predators which build capturing nets; when larvae live in cases, 

 the cases are not tubular. 



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