of 3—5 light dots posteriorly; the lateral dot at the base of the long 

 posterior frontal setae. Mandibles long, massive, with a large molar tooth 

 at the base. Submentum short and broad, with a median suture, brown. 

 Ligula narrow, usually longer than the maxillary palps. 



Pronotum dark or with a pattern of stripes and spots. 



Sclerite of section "b" of anal legs with 5—7 long apical setae and a 

 short subapical seta. Claw with a few small ventral spinules or without 

 spinules. 



Pupa. Length 4.3— 5.0 mm. Antennae long, reaching the last segments 

 of the abdomen or the end of the body. Blades of mandibles finely serrated 

 in the middle, straight; the filiform apical process hooklike at the end, and 

 divided into 4—6 denticles. Presegmental plates on segments 2—8 with a 

 few spinules; postsegmental plates on segment 5, with more numerous 

 spinules. Lobes at end of body relatively short, with several long setae. 



Case made of loose tissue with a covering of sand grains, with numerous 

 filtering holes at each end;* these holes are situated on the ventral side 

 anteriorly; they are situated slightly more dorsally posteriorly; length of 

 case 5.5—7.5 mm. 



Mode of life and habitats. Running water of various types; some 

 species occur in lakes. 



Distribution. West and northwest of the European USSR: the 

 Crimea, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia; Middle Asia. In addition, Europe, 

 North and Central Africa; Asia Minor, Iran, Pakistan; India; Sunda Islands; 

 Taiwan; Japan; North and South America. 



Key to Species 

 Full-grown larva 



1 (2). Three large light dots posterior to the frontoclypeus. Upper blade 



of left mandible with one large tooth; lower blade without teeth. 



One large light dot on each side of the gular suture 



3. T. pallidula McL. (p. 449) 



2 (l). Three to five light dots posterior to the frontoclypeus. Upper blade 



of left mandible with 2 or 3 teeth; lower blade with teeth. One 

 dark and one light dot on each side of the gular suture; several 

 dots near the occipital foramen.** 



3 (4). Frontoclypeus with 4 or 5 large light dots posteriorly. Upper blade 



of left mandible with 2 or 3 teeth; lower blade with 2 teeth; right 

 mandible with curved distal part with a shallow median depression. 

 Propleuron without dots 1. T. waeneri L. (p. 443) 



4 (3). Frontoclypeus with 3 large light dots posteriorly. Upper blade of 



left mandible with indistinct teeth; right mandible with one blade. 

 Propleuron with 5 light dots 2. T. rostocki McL. (p. 447) 



The filtering nets of the pupa were first observed by Morton (1890a:39) in Tinodes waeneri; they 

 were illustrated for Tinodes sp. by Thienemann (1905b:Plate 18, Figures 88 and 89). 

 Bracket No. 2 applies to T. waeneri, for I did not see larvae of T. rostocki. 



442 



