6 



the fingers ; the palm is naked and callous. The thumb, besides its 

 shortness, according to the standard of the human hand, is scarcely 

 half so thick as the fore-finger. The nail of the thumb did not ex- 

 tend to the end of that digit ; in the fingers the nail projected a little 

 beyond the end, but with a slightly convex worn margin, resembling 

 the human nails in shape, but relatively less. 



In the hind limbs, chiefly noticeable was that first appearance in 

 the quadrumanous series of a muscular development of the gluteus, 

 causing a small buttock to project over each tuber ischii. This 

 structure, with the peculiar expanse, as compared with other Qua- 

 drumana, of the iliac bones, leads to an inference that the Gorilla 

 must naturally and with more ease resort occasionally to station and 

 progression on the lower limbs than any other ape. 



The same cause as in the arm, viz. a continuance of a large pro- 

 portion of fleshy fibres to the lower end of the muscles, coextensive 

 with the thigh, gives a great circumference to that segment of the 

 limb above the knee-joint, and a more uniform size to it than in man. 

 The relative shortness of the thigh, its bone being only eight-ninths 

 the length of the humerus (in man the humerus averages five-sixths 

 the length of the femur), adds to the appearance of its superior rela- 

 tive thickness. Absolutely the thigh is not of greater circumference 

 at its middle than is the same part in man. 



The chief difference in the leg, after its relative shortness, is the 

 absence of a " calf," due to the non-existence of the partial accumu- 

 lation of carneous fibres in the upper half of the gastrocnemii muscles, 

 causing that prominence in the type-races of mankind. In the Go- 

 rilla the tendo-achillis not only continues to receive the "penni- 

 form" fibres to the heel, but the fleshy parts of the muscles of the 

 foot receive accessions of fibres at the lower third of the leg, to which 

 the greater thickness of that part is due, the proportions in this 

 respect being the reverse of those in man. The leg expands at once 

 into the foot, which has a peculiar and characteristic form, owing to 

 the modifications favouring bipedal motion being superinduced upon 

 an essentially prehensile quadrumanous type. The heel makes a 

 more decided backward projection than in the Chimpanzee ; the heel- 

 bone is relatively thicker, deeper, more expanded vertically at its 

 hind end, besides being fully as long as in the Chimpanzee. This 

 bone, so characteristic of anthropoid affinities, is shaped and propor- 

 tioned more like the human calcaneum than in any other ape. The 

 malleoli do not make such well-marked projections as in man ; they 

 are marked more by the thickness of the fleshy and tendinous parts 

 of the muscles that pass near them, on their way to be inserted into 

 parts of the foot. Although the foot be articulated to the leg with 

 a slight inversion of the sole, it is more nearly plantigrade than in 

 the Chimpanzee or any other ape. The hairy integument is con- 

 tinued along the dorsum of the foot to the clefts of the toes, and 

 upon the first phalanx of the hallux : the whole sole is bare. 



The hallux (great toe, thumb of the foot), though not relatively 

 longer than in the Chimpanzee, is stronger ; the bones are thicker in 

 proportion to their length, especially the last phalanx, which in 



