398 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. 
an attempt is being made to exploit. With the coal, fossil plants 
were found by Fuchs. This is an important addition to our knowl- 
edge of the distribution of the Carboniferous because of the geo- 
graphic position of the area. 
Steinmann (1904) reported the finding of a few characteristic 
Carboniferous fossils southeast of Tarnia. 
The Carboniferous in Bolivia, especially in the region of Lake 
Titicaca, was studied by Dereims (1906), who describes the formation 
as composed of sandstones and shales, with a bed of dark limestone at 
the base and with coal beds. He investigated the coal four leagues 
north of Mocomoco, at Ococoya and Calacala, where it does not 
exceed 80 centimeters and consists largely of shale impregnated with 
carbonaceous matter and is not workable. In the peninsula of Copo- 
cabafa, near Yamupata, he saw thin beds of coal, which have for- 
merly been worked, but the coal is mixed with shale and contains so 
much sulphur that it can not be used. He states that on the island 
of Titicaca it is of the same general character. His conclusion in 
regard to the Carboniferous in Bolivia is that it is the lower or 
Dimantian stage, and is everywhere marine and contains no workable 
or good coal. : 
PERMIAN. 
The Permian is not known to be present in Peruvian territory. 
Certain sandstones in Bolivia which extend into southern Peru in 
the Titicaca region were early classed as Permian or Triassic by 
Forbes because of their resemblance to the typical Permian of Russia 
described by Murchison. Forbes, however, states that no fossils hay- 
ing been found, the age of the beds is a question for inquiry. The 
formation contains salt and gypsum beds and native copper, the 
celebrated mines of Cora-Cora being fotind in them. 
Steinmann (1906) has discussed the Cora-Cora copper deposits and 
has given the name Puca sandstone to the formation in. which they 
are found. He says that the formation comprises the youngest ma- 
rine sediments in Bolivia and has a thickness of more than 1,000 
meters. By the finding of fossils near Potosi, in southern Bolivia, 
in related formations a higher age than Jura is indicated, and accord- 
ingly he assigns them to the Cretaceous. 
Dereims (1906) says that at Santa Lucia, near Potosi, he found 
reddish sandstones and reddish gypsiferous shales with some beds 
that are calcareous, which are of Permian age. The calcareous bed is 
full of Chemnitzia potosensis, first described by d’Orbigny. He re- 
marks that d’Orbigny has referred this formation to the Trias on 
lithologic grounds, but from the fossils it appears that it is Permian- 
*Compare Steinmann, Hoek, and V. Bistraus. Zentralblatt fiir Mineralogie 
ete., 1904, p. 3, zur Geologie des sudostichen Boliviens. 
