402 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1908. 
far mentioned as from the Cretaceous of Peru. It may not be 
improper to recall, in this connection, that Forbes in discussing the 
Permian or Triassic of Bolivia says that he was informed that a 
complete Saurian head had been extracted from the beds and also 
some fossil bones and teeth. This material appears never to have 
been studied critically and not even a generic name has been applied. 
The Mesozoic fossils sent to Gabb by Raimondi were described 
(1877) and figured, but since then they have not been reviewed crit- 
ically and studied in connection with further collections, excepting 
that the descriptions have been referred to by later workers. The 
opinions which Gabb ventured to give were not very definite, as 
would naturally be the case in dealing with meager and scattered 
collections. In several instances he simply stated the age of the 
beds according to the opinion of Raimondi. Gabb gave with his 
paper a synopsis of the South American invertebrate paleontology 
and a bibliography of South American paleontology. 
A number of fossils collected by Durfeldt from the coal-bearing 
formation at Pariatambo, Peru, and belonging to the Freiburg 
Museum, were studied by Steinmann (1881) and determined as 
indicating the Albien and marine origin of the beds. 
This was the first paper by Steinmann dealing critically with the 
paleontology of Peru. To him and his colaborers we are indebted 
for a number of subsequent papers which are published under his 
supervision as Contributions to the Geology and Paleontology of 
South America. 
The material from Peru studied by Gerhardt (1897) consisted of 
a block containing fossils from Morococha (Pariatambo), sent by 
Don Jose Barranca, of Lima, to Doctor Steinmann. By dissolving 
the stone in acid a small fauna was obtained. The additional fossils 
from the Strasburg Museum were those collected by Reiss and Stubel. 
from the same place. With this material he was better able to 
determine the age of the beds which Gabb had considered as Liassic 
and Steinmann had determined as Albien on the border between 
upper and lower Cretaceous. He concludes that the coal-bearing 
beds of Pariatambo are of marine origin, and that certainly in Albien 
time in Peru a fauna reigned which was related to that of Europe 
and north Africa. In studying the fossils of Venezuela he identified 
Ammonites Andii Gabb from Peru with a Venezuela Lenticras, and 
so concluded that the lower Senon was present in Peru. 
The paleontological paper on the Cretaceous of South America, by 
Paulcke (1903), in so far as it pertains to Peru, is a filling out of the 
fauna studied by Gerhardt and extends our knowledge of the upper 
Cretaceous. Most of the specimens were collected by Reiss and 
Stubel in Cajamarca and nearby places in northern Peru, but some 
were collected by J. Bamberger. He found the Senonian of the 
