Lateral line on segments 3—8 forming a ridge, covered with short, 

 light, golden yellow setae. Gills single, on segments 1—8 or 1—7; 

 segment 1 with only 2 ventral gills, segments 2—7 with 2 dorsal, 2 pleural, 

 and 2 ventral gills, situated near the anterior and posterior margin; if 

 present, gills of segment 8 always presegmental; some gills of segments 

 6 and 7 also sometimes absent. Dorsal and ventral gills directed toward 

 the median line, where the gills of the right and left sides cross; 

 presegmental pleural gills situated above the lateral line, directed toward 

 the median line, as are the dorsal gills; posterior pleural gills larger 

 than the others, directed posteriorly, situated on lateral line, the hairs 

 of which extend to the gills. 



Tergite of segment 9 small, situated in posterior part of the segment, 

 usually hexagonal (one plane anteriorly, two on each side, and one posteriorly, 

 (see Figures 27 and 28); medioanal setae at sides of posterior side long, 

 thick setae of anterior angle situated on dark background, slightly curved, 

 much shorter. 



Anal legs short, massive, sclerite "b" covering the anal legs dorsally, 

 laterally, and ventrally, where it is narrower near the inner margin; 

 3 large setae near the distal margin, one short seta in the median line 

 and outside the sclerite. Sclerite "c" plate -shaped, near base of claw, 

 with a small ventral seta. 



Claw directed laterally, its dorsal side directed inward, ventral side 

 outward, outer side upward, mediolateral side downward. Basal part of 

 claw oblong, apical part sharply curved, with to 6 dorsal denticles at the 

 curvature. Membranous bar wider in the middle, extending along the 

 basal part in a narrow ventral stripe; seta 3 situated dorsally, dark, thick, 

 longer than the others. 



Case in form of straight or slightly curved, wide tube of regular, 

 tetrahedral pieces of plants arranged spirally or in rings; particles rarely 

 irregular in form and arrangement; case covered with plant and mineral 

 fragments in 2 species. The larvae of some species use a part of the stalk 

 of Phragmites communis or Scolochloa festucacea. 



Pupa. Length 14—33 mm. Antennae reaching abdominal segment 6—8; 

 scape of antenna thicker than other segments. Frons anteriorly with a 

 more or less marked process of varying form, process sometimes 

 tuberculate. Anterior margin of labrum with a small process in the 

 middle; median seta usually shorter than the other 5, which are situated 

 near the anterior angle. 



Mandibles long, with well -developed, straight, or curved distal part, 

 or short, nonfunctional, with rudimentary distal part; outer basal setae 

 usually situated on a small tubercle. 



Sheaths of forewings narrower than of hind wings. Natatorial setae 

 present on tarsi of all legs or on mid- and hind tarsi only, dense on mid- 

 tarsi, sparse on the others. 



Abdominal segment 1 dorsally with a large process directed posteriorly 

 and sclerotized to varying extent. Plates of holding apparatus situated 

 presegmentally on segments 3—8 or 4— 7, postsegmentally on segment 5; 

 number of spinules on each plate 24—28, usually less. Lateral line with 

 dense dark setulae on segments 4—8, continuing ventrally on the last 

 segment and ending as small ring with a median gap; setae small and 

 sparse on segment 3. 



15 



