367 membrane with a small, round hole; some cases consist of sand in posterior 

 half and detritus in anterior half (Figure 616), and are tetrahedralj fragments 

 usually of different size, attached less regularly than in full-grown larvae; 

 some cases are made entirely of detritus. 



Pupa. Cylindrical, 5.7— 6.9 mm long. Antennae of male pupae longer by 

 almost V4 than body, those of female slightly shorter; scape large, wide in 



male pupae, with 4—6 setules. Labrum 

 (Figure 62 l) short, curved downward; 

 anterior margin with a median process and 

 a small, thin, light seta lateral to it; only 

 2 of the 5 surface setae thick, long, hooked 

 at end, black, the other 3 thin, close to 

 anterior margin. Mandibles (Figure 621, B) 

 short, conical; distal part with median 

 serration; lateral margin slightly concave 

 near wide basal part; basal setae strong, 

 dark, relatively large, equally long. 



Wing sheaths pointed, reaching middle 

 of abdominal segment 5 in female pupae, 

 end of segment 5 in male. Pupa, which lives 

 in moist biotopes or in very shallow water, 

 little adapted for swimming; natatorial 

 setae present only on 1st segment of mid- 

 tarsi, 28—30 dorsally, 5—7 ventrally; legs 

 with very small claws. 



Holding apparatus of abdominal segment 1 

 in form of a narrow, transverse, dorsal 

 ridge at posterior margin, with 2 rounded, 

 sclerotized lateral processes directed 

 posteriorly and with 6—7 small spinules 

 directed posteriorly on median sides; 

 presegmental plates of segments 3—7 

 rounded, yellow; postsegmental plates on 

 segment 5; hooks brown, numbers as follows: 

 VI:5— 7; VII:5— 7. Lateral line on segments 3— 8; 

 setae pale yellowish brown on posterior segments, forming a semicircle on 

 segment 8. Gills very small, postsegmental, dorsally on segments 2—5, 

 ventrally on segments 2—6.- Segment 9 of male pupae longer and wider than 

 in female; genital appendages forming large, rounded processes, penis sheath 

 indistinct. Anal lobes (Figure 622) short, flat, pointed, with 4 long, thick, 

 black setae. 



Case 7—8 mm long, tetrahedral as in larva, usually made of detritus only, 

 rarely with sand grains at posterior end. Larva continues to build anterior 

 ventral part of the case before pupation, so that the anterior opening becomes 

 vertical, directed anteriorly; case is attached to substrate at both ends by 

 several short, brown ligaments with terminal disks; anterior end with a 

 sievelike membrane with numerous small holes; posterior end with similar, 

 but smaller membrane. 



62Z 



FIGURES 621 and 622. Crunoecia ir- 

 rorata Curt, (after Nielsen): 



Pupa: 621 — labrum (A), left mandible, 

 ventral (B); 622 — posterior end of male 

 pupa, dorsal (A) and lateral (B). 



111:4-6; IV:5-7; V:5-7+4-£ 



The statements of Klapalek (1893:74) and Ulmer (1903:90) that the pupa of C. irrorata lacks gills are 

 erroneous (Nielsen, 1942:475). 



459 



