648 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



in all except the Rhinoceros in which it is cleft. And it is 

 covered with papillje belonging to one or more of the conical, 

 fungiform, and vallate series. 



In the Perissodactyla it is well-marked, but low and flat. It 

 has only conical papillse in Equus cabalhis. In Tapirics indicus 

 it has both conical and fungiform papillte. In Bhriioceros clusters 

 of vallate papillse cover its halves. 



In the Suina it is also flat. And both conical and fungiform 

 papillfe are jaresent. 



The CamelidsB have well-marked eminences. And they possess 

 large vallate and very hard projecting conical papiilge in the 

 Llama. 



In the Cervidge and Bovidas the prominent eminence has very 

 hard conical and fungiform papillse, and the former vary con- 

 siderably in size and shape. Clusters of vallate papillae may 

 invade the sides of the eminence. I did not examine a sufii- 

 ciently large series of tongues to draw conclusions as to their 

 value for purposes of classification. 



The eminence is prominent in Tragulus, but flat in Hyomoschiis. 



When the posterior third of the tongue is examined it is seen 

 how glandular orifices are numerous in the Perissodactyla, but 

 few or absent in all other forms. And the characters of these 

 structures in the diflferent Mammalian orders, with special 

 reference to the relation between their size and that of other 

 parts of the oral glandular apparatus, have already been 

 described. 



It is seen in this paper that the Cetacea, which have no salivary 

 glands, have large lingual glands ; the Sirenia, which have small 

 salivary glands, have fewer glands; and the Ungulata, with good 

 salivary glands, have few lingual glands. Also the Perissodactyla 

 have larger lingual glands than the Ruminantia,. 



Gh'cimivcdlate PajyiUce (text-fig. 30 A) : — The number and 

 arrangement vary, and the following patterns were observed by 

 myself : — 



1. ISTo papillae. 



2. A pair of papillae. 



3. Several papillae in a straight line, or wide-angled Y. 



4. Rows of papillae on each side of the tongue. 



5. Clusters or fields of papillae. 



In the Perissodactyla there are two large papillae in Equus 

 cabcdlus, E. asinus, and E. cliapmamii, but seveiul observers 

 noted three in E. cabcdlus. Mayer (22) described a pair in 

 Tajnrus americcmus, but I noted several in a straight line or 

 wide-angled V in T. ame7-iccmu,s, T. indicus, and T. bairdi. In 

 Rhinoceros there is a field of ten papillae on each side of the 

 tongue. 



In the Suina there is a pair of papillae in Siis scrofa, S. babi- 

 russa, Poiamochcer us penicillatus, Phacochcems celiani, and Dicotyles 

 torqtiatus. Schwalbe (30) recorded three papillae in Sus scrofa. 



