'650 DR, C. F. SONNTAG ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



It is frequently difficult to determine by the naked eye 

 whether a certain papilla is of the vallate or fungiform variety. 



It appears, therefore, that the papillary patterns are distri- 

 buted as follows :— 



No papillae Hyracoidea, 



A pair of papillte Equidse, Suidse, Phaco- 



cheridse, Tragulidse. 



Papillae in a line or V Tapiridse. 



Papillae in rows Camelidae, Cervidae, and 



Bovidae. 

 Papillae in fields Rhinocerotidae and Giraffidae. 



The papillae are oval, cylindrical, or conical with the bases of 

 the cones projecting beyond the Valiums. And the surface is 

 smooth, granular, or lobulated (text-fig. 30 B.). The fossa is 

 closed or patulous, and the vallum varies in prominence. Taste- 

 buds are usually well-marked. 



Fungiform Pcqnllce (text-fig. 30 O.E.F.) : — The distribution on 

 the dorsal and ventral surfaces varies in the different families. 

 In appearance they are hemispherical, or almost pedunculated, 

 a,nd the surface is smooth, granular, or covered with processes. 

 Many have rich supplies of taste-buds. 



In the Perissodactyla they are not very numerous, but have 

 the usual mammalian arrangement in clusters and rows ; and 

 those on the lateral borders are very numerous. In Equus there 

 are none on the intermolar elevation, but there are prominent 

 ones there in Tapirus. In neither genus is there a marked 

 ventral papillary zone. 



The tongues of the Suina have many papillae on the dorsum, 

 but few on the ventral surface. And those on the lateral borders 

 may be very prominent. 



In the Tylopoda the papillae are not numerous on the dorsum, 

 but they form a very wide ventral papillary zone. And in no 

 other family is the latter so large. 



In the Cervidae there is a prominent cluster of papillae behind 

 the apex. Between it and the anterior extremity of the inter- 

 molar eminence there is an area possessing very few papillae, but 

 the latter is bounded laterally by papillary bands. The ventral 

 papillae are numerous, but small. 



In the Bovidae there is no thick apical, dorsal cluster, and the 

 papillae stretch right back from the apex to the intermolar 

 eminence. They are only absent from a thin central strip of the 

 dorsum. They are very regularly arranged. They are not 

 numerous inferiorly in Bison, but they are numerous, small, and 

 closely packed in Antilope, Gapra, and Aminotragus. 



In the Tragulidae the papillae are numerous on the dorsum, 

 and have the usual arrangement. They are absent only from a 

 narrow central strip. 



