652 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



The Boviclse and Cervidfe have papillae similar to those in the 

 Camelidgs, but those on the eminence are smaller, more numerous, 

 and not divided into two groups. 



In the Tragulidse the conical papillfe on the dorsum are all 

 small in Ti'cigulus, but in Hyomoschus those on the base of 

 the tongue are large, pointed, closely set, and directed back- 

 wards. Those on the base are not so disproportionately large in 

 Tragulus. 



The ventral papillary zone is narrow in the Perissodactyla, 

 but wide in the Artiodactyla, especially the Tylopoda. 



The conical papillae are shown highly magnified in text- 

 fig. 30 D. 



Lateral Organs : — As Oppel (26) has collected the various 

 published accounts, it is only necessary to show here their value 

 for purposes of classification. They are frequently absent, and I 

 would suggest that the latei^al rows of circumvallate papillae 

 replace them in these cases. 



In the Perissodactyla they are absent, according to Boulart- 

 and Pilliet (5), in Tapirus americanus, Equus caballus, and 

 Rhinoceros. But they are well-marked in all the Tapiridse 

 examined by myself. Complete accounts of the organs have been 

 published by Sertoli (32) and Honigschmeid (19). 



In the Suina they are present in Sths, Phacochcerns, and 

 PotamochceriijS, but they are absent in Dicotyles. The Babirussa 

 has circular organs, but those in the other forms consist of rows 

 of leaninae and sulci. 



In the remaining Artiodactyla they are present in the Giraffidae, 

 Tragulidse, and Antilope mergens, but they are absent in all others 

 examined. 



The Lytta is represented by a median ventral lidge, which 

 varies in width and prominence, but it is not at all like that in 

 the Carnivora. And sections show that it has a central core. 



In Tapirus indicus it is narrow, prominent, and firm. But it 

 is wide, flat, and softer in Equus\ and the structure in the latter 

 has already been described by Briihl (7). Owen (27) recorded 

 its presence in Rhinoceros. In all Perissodactyla it does not 

 widen much from before backwards. 



In Dicotyles it forms a long, narrow isosceles triangle. 



The Tylopoda, as exemplified by the Llama, have short, pro- 

 minent crests with very thick mucosa. 



In the Tragulidas it is broad and flat, especially in Hyomoschus. 

 But it is most variable in the Oervidge and Bovidse. In these it 

 is narrow and sharp, low and broad, or absent. The appearances, 

 however, are of no value for purposes of classification. 



On the infero-lateral aspects of the tongue there may be long 

 bands with divided free edges, or rov/s of separate processes. 

 They may help to keep the interstices between the teeth clear, 

 or they may help to mix the food and saliva. They have not 

 been named, so I suggest the term "sublingual combs" for 

 them. They are restricted to the attached part of the inferior 



