■654 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



B. Sublingual combs present. 



a. A pair of long, narrow vallate papillae. 



i. Basal conical papillae small Tragulus. 



ii. Basal conical papillae very large Syomoschus. 



b. A single row of immense vallate papillse on each side... Camehis, Auclienia, 



c. One or more rows of small vallate papillae on each side. 



i. Fungiform papillas absent from an extensive area in 

 front of the intermolar eminence. Two rows of vallate 



papillae Ceevid^. 



ii. Fungiform papillae stretch right back to eminence, but 

 are absent from a central strip on the anterior part of 

 the dorsum. 



a'. One row of vallate papillae on each side CepJialoplius. 



h'. Two rows on each side Bos, Ovihos, Bison, 



Connochcetes, Strepsiceros, Antilope. 

 c' . Four rows on each side Budorcas, Ovis. 



Suborder Hyracoidea. 



The tongue in Hyrax has a low, flat elevation similar to that 

 in Halicors, and the lateral organs are well-marked. Thei'e is 

 no vallate papilla in several specimens examined by myself, and 

 by Briicher (6), Gmelin (16), Munch (24), and Tuckerman (33). 

 And there is no trace of a lytta. All conical papillae are 

 minute. The basal lingual glands have few orifices on the 

 surface. It is evident, therefore, that the tongue has some 

 affinities with those of the Sirenia. No sublingual combs are 

 present. 



Suborder Proboscidea. 



The tongue is short and wide, and it corresponds to the inter- 

 molar elevation of the other Ungulata. The apex is bound down 

 to the floor of the mouth, as in the Cetacea. In E. indicus 

 Mayer (22) observed six papilke, but Miall and Greenwood (23) 

 recorded four. In the specimen examined by myself there were 

 two on the right side and one on the left. In E. africanus 

 Forbes (15) saw four papillae on the right side, and three on the 

 left, but Miinch (24) observed thi'ee on each side. The lateral 

 organs are well-developed, but their contained taste-buds are 

 sometimes very few. No sublingual combs are pi'esent. 



Summary and Conclusions. 



1. The Cetacea have simpler tongues than any other mammals. 



2. The tongues do not support the view of some authorities 

 that there are affinities between the Cetacea and Ungulata. But 

 the differences between them are due to the nature of the diet 

 and the mode of feeding. And the nature of the food causes 

 the Sirenian tongues to resemble those of the Ungulata in some 

 points. 



