BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 995 



by G. P. Eixford. It is the ODly large caprifig tree known to me in Cali- 

 fornia. 



25. The female tree of the fig was first described by Solms-Laubach in 

 species from Java. See his Die Geschlechtesdifferenzirung der Figen- 

 banmen. 



26. As will be seen in a different place, so far only very few exceptions^ 

 have been noted, among them the Cordelia fig in Solano county, Cal., and 

 the Croisic fig growing at the mouth of the Loire river in France, and the 

 fig found by B. M. Lelong at Los Gatos, in California. See Solms-Laubach, 

 I, p. 14. 



27. French authors generally describe the caprifig male flowers as hav- 

 ing only three petals, which is an error, tindoubtedly originated hy 

 describing the figiire in " Du Breuil, " where the figure of the male flower 

 is erroneously drawn. 



28. Solms-Laubach was the first to thoroughlj^ study the arrangement 

 and structure of the fig flowers. He was the discoverer of the gall-flowers 

 and the distinction between them and the female flowers. See his last 

 cited work (25). 



29. Both varities are known as Ficus carlca Linneus, and to belong to 

 the same botanical species. 



30. For Gasparrini's theory, see his work vol. I, p. 378. Partheno- 

 genesis is an extremely rare occurrence and cannot be accepted without 

 positive proof, which Gasparrini fails to give. He also moderates-the force 

 of his arguments by saying that it may be possible for the pollen to have 

 entered in some way. 



31. Fritz Miiller, Cosmos, 1882, p. 342, seq. 



32. Cornel Hegardt, Ficus in Linne, p. 41. This most important and 

 interesting reference made by Linneus to the sexes of the fig reads as 

 follows: " Quod si jam fructus feminse foecundetur e cavitate fructifica- 

 tionis caprifici sc. maris adscendens farina antherarum penetret, tan- 

 demque per totam cavitatem disseminetur necesse est. Usee omnia naturae 

 viribus impassibilia apparerent, nisi supremus genitos Ficui huic propriam 

 assignasset cupidinem. Cuijidoficus nobis dicitur quem antiqui psenem 

 seu insectum ficarium vocarunt." 



33. Solms-Laubach. Die Geschlechterdiff. etc., p. 1. Prof. Solms- 

 Laubach adopts this view without any discussion and refers to it as being 

 as easily seen as soon as pointed out as the " egg of Columbus." 



34. Solms-Laubach relates, I, p. 17, that also in Naples it is well known 

 that seedlings produce partly caprifigs, partly a number of varieties which 

 are poor for eating purposes. This practical demonstration of the rela- 

 tionship of the two figs is of importance as demonstrating that they are 

 diff"erent sexes only of the same species. My California experiments have 

 resulted similarly. 



35. The fact that one tree has been found which produces male flowers 



