BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 997 



50. Amos, cap. 7, v. 14; see fiirther Solms-Laubach, I, p. 75; Lagarde, 

 p. 370, 395, 283. 



51. Investigations are required. The North African States may possess 

 many of the Smjorna tribe. 



52. Aristote, Hist. anim. lib. v, cap. xvi, 3. 



53. Theophrast, II, c. 9, 5, etc. 



54. This statement of Theoxahrast appears to me to indicate that none 

 of the finer Smyrna kinds were thriving in Greece. This is yet the case 

 in our day, neither in Greece, Italy, France or Spain do the caprification 

 requiring kinds of Smyrna sitcceed. Indeed, they are said to give but in- 

 ferior fruit as soon as planted outside of a few localities near Smyrna. 

 None of the cultivators or nurserymen of Europe seem even to be aware 

 of there being a type of Smyrna figs different from the kind grown by 

 them. Leclerc, p. 332, is the first writer to point out that caprificated figs 

 are superior to those not caprificated. But this can only refer to dried figs, 

 nor is it likely to refer to figs of the same variety. 



55. Pliny, Nat. Hist., L. 15, e. 21. 



56. Pontedera denied the nature of the sexes of the plants generally. 

 From his point of view, it was, of course, impossible to recognize any 

 reciprocity between the flowers of the fig and the Blastophaga. 



57. Tournefort, I, p. 130. 



58. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 26. 



59. Milne, p. 13. 



60. Cavolini, p. 240; cap. 28, p. 238. 



61. Gasparrini, who especially points to Olivier as a great French 

 naturalist, appears, in his great enthusiasm over a similarity in views, to 

 have overlooked the fact that both Tournefort and Olivier were grossly 

 ignorant of what they wrote about. Any one who, in writing of caprifica- 

 tion, believes that the " figues fleurs " are hung in the trees, cannot pos- 

 sibly possess an opinion of caprification worthy of beiug quoted and 

 adopted. 



62. Gasparrini, I, p. 365; Semmola, 7c., p. 422; Solms-Laubach, I, p. 

 34. 



63. Gallesio, p. 47. 



64. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 31. ' 



65. See paragraph on pomological maturity, p. 



66. See paragraph on Botanical maturity, p. 



67. The answers quoted here are Gasparrini's; the comments those of 

 the author. 



68. The caprifig has not been introduced to Brazil, and only recently to 

 California, where as yet comparatively few trees are found, all without the 

 wasps. 



69. In this Solms-Laubach unconditionally, almost, agrees. See I, p. 

 36 to 40. 



