212 Construction of Fountains for Gardens. 



source of supply, and set to work once or twice a week, as occa- 

 sion might require. A horizontal windmill, so disguised in the 

 tower as not to be an offensive object, would, in all elevated 

 situations, as we have elsewhere observed [Encyc. of Cottage 

 Architecture, § 1256.)? be the cheapest and best that could be 

 employed ; because it would require little or no attention, and 

 might be left to itself, to work or stand still, according to the 

 wind. The construction of such a windmill is exceedingly 

 simple, and no man that we know is more fit to carry the 

 design into execution than Mr. Thorold of Norwich. In 

 some situations, where there is no other employment for the 

 poor, it might be an act of charity to set them to work on a 

 machine for raising water for this and other purposes, though 

 we would not be understood to recommend, as a general prin- 

 ciple, such a misapplication of human labour. Whatever 

 can be done by a machine ought never to be attempted by 

 man. 



In conducting the water from the cistern or reservoir to 

 the jet or fountain, the following particulars require to be 

 attended to : — In the first place, all the pipes must be laid 

 sufficiently deep in the earth, or otherwise placed and pro- 

 tected, so as to prevent the possibility of their being reached 

 by frost ; next, as a general rule, the diameter of the orifice 

 from which the jet of water proceeds, technically called the 

 bore of the quill, ought to be four times less than the bore of 

 the conduit pipe ; that is, the quill and pipe ought to be in a 

 quadruple proportion to each other. There are several sorts 

 of quills, or spouts which throw the water up or down, into a 

 variety of forms ; such as fans, parasols, sheaves, showers, 

 mushrooms, inverted bells, &c. ; or (and which is one of the 

 newest forms) the convolvulus of Mr. Rowley, as shown in 

 ^g. 62. The larger the conduit pipes are, the more freely 

 will the jets display their different forms ; and the fewer the 

 holes in the quill or jet (for sometimes this is pierced like the 

 rose of a watering-pot), the greater certainty will there be of 

 the form continuing the same ; because the risk of any of the 

 holes choking up will be less. The diameter of a conduit pipe 

 ought in no case to be less than an inch ; but, for jets like those 

 in the preceding figures, the diameter ought to be two inches ; 

 and, for the number of jets shown in j'^. 66. (which is an old 

 rustic Dutch form, of easy execution in flints and cement, the 

 basin beingofearthenware), two inches and a half, or three inches, 

 will be found requisite. Where the conduit pipes are of great 

 length, say upwards of 1000 feet, it is found advantageous to 

 begin, at the reservoir or cistern, with pipes of a diameter 

 somewhat greater than those which deliver the water to the 



