ON WARMING AND VENTILATING OCCUPIED BUILDINGS. 



By Arthur Morin, 

 Director of the Conservatory of Arts and Trades, Paris. 



[Translated for the Smithsonian Institution by Clarence B. Young.] 



[General Morin, tlie author of this manual, has long been known as 

 one of the most distinguished technologists of the French Academy. 

 The translation and publication of his work on warming and ventilation 

 will doubtless be considered a valuable addition to the English biblio- 

 graphy of the subject. — J. H.] 



1. The means for producing warmth and ventilation are so closely con- 

 nected, especially during the cold season, that it is almost impossible 

 to treat them separately, even in such a review of the teachings of 

 science and experiment as the present, and hence both these subjects 

 have been included in the title. 



WARMING. 



GrENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 



2. Seating-apparatus. — We may consider forms of heating-apparatus 

 in three different respects : 



1. In regard to economy of fuel. 



2. In regard to effect on health. 



3. In regard to comfort. 



For heating places occupied but for short periods, such as the vestibules 

 of public buildings, stairways, waiting-rooms, and even churches, the 

 first of these considerations should decide the choice of apparatus. 



For occupied buildings, however, the second consideration should 

 have more weight; and here we may give as a rule that every heating- 

 apparatus or system of heating which does not provide in itself for an ample 

 and regular change of air, or which is not connected with suitable arrange- 

 m,ents for producing such a change, is injurious to health. 



In regard to the third consideration, while it is often opposed to the 

 first, it is closely connected with the second, since there can be no 

 method of producing pleasant warmth but such as is also healthful. 



In the rapid review of heating-apparatus which we shall make under 

 these three heads we shall distinguish between those used for special 

 purposes and those for general heating. 



