392 ETHNOLOGY. 



Bacon, Silvins. aud a few others, the teachings of Galen bad remained 

 so little affe(;ted that when Andreas Yesal proved in the sixteenth cen- 

 tury, by his own observations, the errors of Galen, the public were will- 

 ing, to believe that human nature might have changed, but not to believe 

 Gaten in error. Mondiuo da Luzzi, professor of anatomy at Bologna, 

 fii'st publicly dissected two human bodies in the presence of medical 

 students. Gabriel Fallopio, of Modena, enjoyed the rare privilege of 

 being allowed to dissect seven corpses annually, among them the bodies 

 of convicts, whom he had killed previously with opium. Bartolomeo 

 Eustachi, after whom the "Eustachian tube" is named, the victim of 

 a poverty which kept from publication his "Tabulte anatomicaB," and 

 " which," saysLauth, " retarded anatomical studies two centuries," com- 

 pletes the medieval triumvirate. With the discoveries of Harvey, human 

 anatomy began that rapid growth which has brought it, in our day, 

 well nigh to perfection, and numbers among its investigators many of 

 the most eminent names in science. The same Is true of physiology 

 and biology. Faint glimmerings dart up along the ages, of truths, of 

 principles, of analogies, of accurate definition, of guesses bordering on 

 inspiration, which in our day have blazed out in brilliant deductions, 

 ^verified by experiment. 



From the earliest times, psychology has received more attention than 

 somatology. The human soul has been scrutinized from various points of 

 view. Scarcely a nation existed in ancient, medieval, or modern times 

 that has not had its schools of thought, so that it is possible to begin to 

 bring together, out of the writings of philosophers of the various schools, 

 in the order of their historical development, those metaphysical dis- 

 coveries which have added to what we might call general or compara- 

 tive psychology, or those facts of the human soul upon which ethnolog- 

 ical relations are founded, together with the laws of their infancy, growth, 

 activity, and decay. 



Gathering together the testimony of ancient and modern travelers, 

 historians, and conquerors, of missionaries, explorers, and traders of 

 modern times, respecting the tliiferent ideas entertained about God, 

 a future life, and the soul's prospects therein, about all the relations 

 which go to make up the present life, together with the languages, rites, 

 and customs, in which those thoughts find expression, we shall have 

 man revealed to us in every stage of culture, from savagery to the 

 highest civilization. The earth opens her mouth to testify of the men 

 who passed away before the dawn of written history, the knowledge of 

 whose far-distant origin and of their progress through different stages 

 of social development is illuminated by every object of human economy 

 in our collections. 



The first result of this extension of knowledge is classification on 

 special bases : wherefore we should naturally imply the results of the 

 labors of .Camper, founded on the facial angle; of Blumenbach, on the 

 nonua verticaUs; of Mortou, on the cubical contents of the skull 5 of 



