396 ETHNOLOGY. 



scarcely produce a faithful picture. If we were to take as a basis the 

 historical develoi)meiit of any one people, say the Greeks, the Eomans, 

 or the Germans, we should find ourselves perplexed by reason of two 

 inevitable difficulties. In the first place, there is no authentic informa- 

 tion about the earliest history of any one of these nations handed down 

 to us by their neighbors whose observations and records are accessible 

 to us. The origins of nations are as much overlooked by historians as 

 the infancy of great men. We have to be content with vague tradi- 

 tions. In the second place, there never has been known a nation in 

 which have appeared all these phases of development. We must, there- 

 fore, scrutinize all the successive stages of culture among different tribes 

 of ancient and modern times, and arrange them in such order as to gain 

 a view of the growth of the race. We will set aside the usual geograph- 

 ical, ethnographical, and synchronological arrangements, and divide 

 the races of men into three fundamental classes — the savage, the barba- 

 rous, and the enlightened, (represented in time, roughly, by the stone, 

 the bronze, and the iron age.)" 



" I. The condition of savagery. — Mankind comes from the hand of the 

 Creator a double being, that soon increases to the, family. Oblivious of 

 the past and of the future, he thinks only of his daily wants. Here we 

 trace the origin of society, in the family; of religion, in shamanism; of 

 technics, in the search for stones to serve as tools." 



Note. — Doctor Klemm, considering nature as the foundation of culture, 

 regarded with especial attention those objects from its three kingdoms 

 which furnished man the means of subsistence and action without further 

 preparation, and which became the models of his earliest manufactures. 

 Among these are the frost-formed and water-worn and pierced pebbles, 

 immense deposits of which are found in many places, and which assume 

 almost every shape, afterward adopted for tools in the stone age. To 

 these are to be added hooked sticks, curiously twisted and knobbed 

 roots, spiral vines, tubes of reed, combinations of wood and stone, 

 thorns, teeth, bones, claws, hedge-hog quills, shells, and many other 

 objects, a tine collection of which graced his celebrated museum. — O. T. M. 



" Permanent settlements, personal property in lauds and herds, and 

 organized governments have no existence." 



'' II. The condition of barbarism. — Herein families have increased to 

 tribes which restrain and confine each other, and who submit themselves 

 to the wills of superiors, who strengthen their power by alliance with 

 the realms of the Invisible, and assume to be prophets, priests, and 

 even the sons of the deities. They build for themselves holy places and 

 cities, and guard them with especial care. The adornment of these 

 shrines develojis art, especially architecture, music, and dancing. The 

 desire to i^reserve the record of the most important events gives rise to 

 hieroglyphics, word and syllable writing. So far as it is possible under 

 priestly rale, the nomadic and stationary modes of life are developed 

 successively. The different grades of this series are represented by the 



