18 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tion systematique dii Eegiie Auiuial. He first proposed to regard the 

 Batracbia as a distinct class of vertebrata, the iv of his series, under 

 -the name "Nudipelliferes, les Araphybiens." On a subsequent page 

 he divides the class Eeptilia into two subclasses, "les Eeptiles" and 

 les Ichthyoides. The latter are subdivided into four divisions, viz: 

 Batraciens (Grenouilles); Pseudosauriens(Salamandres) ; Aniphibiens 

 (les Protees et les Sirenes) ; Pseudophidiens (Ccecilies). We here find 

 the Batrachia for the first time set off from the Eeptilia as a division 

 of equal rank with it. 



Merrem, Tentamen Systema? Amphibiarum, 1820, reverts to the 

 Linntean name Amphibia for the combined reptiles and batrachians, 

 but recognizes the two as subordinate divisions. He calls these Pho- 

 lidota and Batrachia. The Batrachia he divided into the Apoda (Coe- 

 cilia), Salientia, and Gradientia. The Gradientia or Salamandres are 

 divided into Mutabilia (Salamandra, etc.) and Amphipneusta, or the 

 forms with permanent branchia?. 



Gray published in 1825, in the Annals of Philosophy of Philadelphia, 

 a synopsis of the genera of Eeptilia and Batrachia of North America. 

 He separates the two classes distinctly as such under the names Eep- 

 tilia and Amphibia. The former are divided into the orders Emydo- 

 sauria (crocodiles and extinct marine reptiles), Sauria, Saurophidia, 

 Ophidia, and Ghelonia. The Amphibia were divided into Mutabilia and 

 Amphipneusta. The latter division included the branchiate forms, with 

 the Cryptobrauchidoe and the Coeciliidne. The Mutabilia embraced 

 all other Batrachia. 



Harlan also, in 1825, published Genera and Synopsis of Species of Eep- 

 tiles of America in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 

 Philadelphia. He adopts the system of Brongniart, and divides the Ba- 

 trachia into three divisions, dependent on the characters of the external 

 respiratory organs. In the first there is an external fissure onl^-j in 

 the second, external branchiae and fissures; and in the third, neither the 

 one nor the other. 



Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Eeptilien (1826), adopts the names of 

 Leuckart for the primary divisions of the Eeptilia, the Monopnoa cor- 

 responding to the Eeptilia and the Dipnoa to the Batrachia. He i>laces 

 Coecilia among the Moni)i)noa. The Dipnoa are divided into Mutabilia 

 and Immutabilia. The latter includes the families Cryptobranclioida 

 and Phanerobranchoida. The Mutabilia include all other Batrachia. 



Dumeril and Bibron, in the "Erpetologie Generale," published be- 

 tween 1834 and 1841, adopt the system of Brongniart. The fourth order 

 of reptiles, the Batrachia, is divided into three suborders, viz : tlu^ 

 Peromela (Cceciliidse), Anura, and Urodela. Tlje Urodela are divided 

 into Atretodera (Salamandres) and Trematodera, which embraces the 

 Cryptobranchidre and forms with permanent branchiae. 



Johannes Milller, in Stannius' Handbuch der Zootomie (1850), uses 

 the Linnaean name Amphibia for the combined Eeptilia and Batra- 



