524 FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [12] 



fcude, the greater portion of which was previously unknown to science. The surgeons 

 attached to each of the parties, and also several of the line officers, devoted much of 

 their time to natural-history investigations and accomplished very flattering results. 

 As might he naturally inferred, most attention was paid to the terrestrial animals, 

 hut very large collections were made of fresh-water fishes everywhere, and of marine 

 animals in the vicinity of Puget Sound. Each party was fully supplied with all the 

 necessary collecting apparatus, and were given complete instructions as to the manner 

 of making natural history collections. The explorations along the forty-seventh par- 

 allel of latitude, from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Puget Sound, were in charge of Ma- 

 jor Isaac I. Stevens, afterwards governor of Oregon Territory, and were hegun at 

 both ends of the route at the same time. Dr. G. Suckley, United States Army, acted 

 as naturalist of the eastern section, and Dr. J. G. Cooper of the western, both giving 

 nearly their entire time to zoological investigations. After the ahandonment of the 

 expeditions, Doctors Suckley and Cooper continued their collecting for some time on 

 the northwest coast, the former being stationed as surgeon at Fort Steilacoom, and 

 the latter working in the vicinity of Shoalwater Bay. The collections sent home by 

 these two naturalists were very large and of extreme value ; they embraced every 

 department of zoology, and included large quantities of marine and fresh- water fishes 

 and marine invertebrates. Their explorations of Northern Oregon and Washington 

 Territories were especially thorough, both as regardsthe sea-coast and i nterior waters. 

 Dr. C. B. E. Kennerly was naturalist of the route along the thirty-fifth parallel, under 

 Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, and collected large quantities of fresh- water specimens 

 along the route, and of marine specimens in the vicinity of San Francisco, Califor- 

 nia. 



Collections of fresh-water fishes in Texas and Northern Mexico by Lieutenant D. 

 N. Couch, in 1853. Exploration of the Brazos River, Texas, in 1854, by Captain R. 

 B. Marcy, Dr. G. Gr. Shumard, naturalist. Exploration of the Black Hills (Upper 

 Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers), in 1856-57, by Lieutenant G. K. Warren. Survey 

 of a wagon road from Fort Riley to Bridger's Pass, under Lieutenant F. T. Bryant, 

 in 1856-57. Explorations of a canal route across the Isthmus of Darien, in 1857, 

 under Lieutenant N. Michler, A. Schott, naturalist. Explorations in Kansas, Ne- 

 braska, and Utah, by Dr. G. Suckley, in 1859. Large collections of zoology at the 

 Tortugas, Florida, by Captains H. G. Wright and D. P. Woodbury, in 1859, and 

 along the Atlantic coast of the States, by Lieutenant J. D. Kurtz, in 1860. Collec- 

 tions of marine invertebrates, chiefly mollusks, from the Gulf of California, by Cap- 

 tain C. P. Stone, in 1860. 



Explorations of Dr. Elliott Coues, in the Western States and Territories, since 1860, a 

 portion of the time as chief naturalist of Hayden's Geological Survey; on the coast of 

 Labrador in 18o0, and at Beaufort, North Carolina, in 1868. Geological survey along 

 the fortieth parallel of north latitude, under Clarence King, from 1867-1879. Very 

 large collections of marine fishes and invertebrates from the Atlantic coast, in the 

 vicinity of Fort Macon, North Carolina, during 1870 and 1871, by Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 



Explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, under the direction 

 of General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, by Lieutenant George M. Wheeler 

 in charge, from 1872-'79. The naturalists of this survey were Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Mr. 

 H. W. Henshaw, Professor Newberry, Mr. Charles E. Aiken, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and 

 Oscar Loew, and their field of operations included the fresh-water lakes and rivers of 

 Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Western and Southwestern Nevada, Salt 

 Lake, Utah Lake, and other salt-water lakes, and the Pacific coast in the vicinity of 

 Santa Barbara, California. 



Survey of the northern and northwestern lakes and rivers, under General C. B. 

 Comstock, United States Army, Corps of Engineers. In August and September, 1871, 

 Professor S. I. Smith, of Yale College, conducted a successful series of dredgings, cov- 

 ering nearly the entire area of Lake Superior, in connection with this survey. The 

 greatest depth attained was 169 fathoms. Bottom and surface temperature observa- 



