526 FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [14] 



of these explorations very large collections were made. Professor Baird's work as 

 United States Fish Commissioner has already been spoken of. 



Robert Kennicott and the Hudson's Bay Company. From 1853 to 1859, Mr. Kenni- 

 cott carried on extensive explorations in Illinois, Minnesota, and the region of Lake 

 Winnipeg, making interesting collections of aquatic and terrestrial animals. In 1855 

 he brought together, for the Agricultural Fair, at Chicago, Illinois, one of the most 

 complete State collections of natural history ever made up to that time, and a large 

 part of which was later contributed to the Smithsonian Institution. From 1859 to 1861, 

 under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 

 the Chicago Audubon Club, and the University of Michigan, and with the assistance 

 of the officers of the company, Mr. Kennicott conducted a series of explorations along 

 the line of the Hudson's Bay Company's posts, from the Red River settlement, along 

 the Red River of the North and the Mackenzie River, to the headwaters of the Yukon 

 River, bringing back with him immense collections, representing the aquatic fauna 

 of the entire region visited. Many valuable collections of fishes have also been 

 received at intervals, since 1859, from the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company, and 

 especially from Mr. R. McFarlane, and Mr. McDougal, between 1860 and 1868, the 

 former collecting in the vicinity of Fort Anderson, on the Arctic Ocean, the latter in 

 the Mackenzie River district. 



In 1854, Dr. P. R. Hay and the Rev. A. C. Barry, of Racine, Wisconsin, made large 

 contributions of fishes, the former from Western Missouri and Kansas, the latter from 

 Northern Wisconsin. 



Explorations on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts : Dr. William Stimpson, from 1850 to 

 1871, on the New England coast, and the coasts of North Carolina and Florida ; marine 

 invertebrates mainly. Charles Girard, at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1851, and at 

 various other localities from 1848 to 1858. Professor Theo. Gill, at Beaufort, North Caro- 

 lina, the West Indies, and Newfoundland, during 1859-'60. Dr. J. G. Cooper, in South 

 Florida, in 1859. Dr. J. B. Holder, at the Tortugas, Florida, in 1860. Mr. S. T. Walker, 

 Florida, 1879 ; and Mr. Henry Hemphill, Florida, 1882-'83. Iu 1882, Mr. Winifred 

 Stearns, of Amherst, Massachusetts, in company with several college students, made 

 a collecting tour to Labrador, which was productive of good results, especially in the 

 line of marine invertebrates. 



Explorations on the Pacific coast : Mr. E. Samuels, in 1855, under the auspices of 

 the Smithsonian Institution and the Boston Society of Natural History, made large 

 collections in California, and, in 1858, Mr. A.. S. Taylor, collected at Monterey, in the 

 same State, Mr. J. G. Swan, at Puget Sound, from 1860 to date ; collections of all 

 characters, including marine animals. Dr. C. A. Canfield, at Monterey, and other 

 localities in California, from 1860 to 1867. Rev. Joseph Rowell, Dr. W. O. Ayres, and 

 Professor R. E. C. Stearns ; large collections of shells from the Pacific coast. Mr. 

 Henry Hemphill; numerous collections of marine invertebrates from California, 1874 

 to date. 



Interior of the United States : Explorations of Arizona, Indian Territory, the South- 

 ern States, etc., by Dr. Edward Palmer, from 1866 to date, mainly for ethnological 

 materials, but also with good results in the way of aquatic animals. Collections of 

 fishes from Pennsylvania by Dr. T. H. Bean, since 1874. 



State Surveys— State organizations, either as natural history surveys or fishery com- 

 missions, have accomplished a great deal in the way of making known the aquatic 

 fauna of their territories. Among the first of the States to undertake purely scientific 

 explorations in this direction were Massachusetts and New York, both of which States 

 have published standard works upon the subject. A large majority of the States have 

 since done more or less good work in the same line. Nearly every State now has its 

 fishery commission, the specific object of which is the protection or propagation of food 

 fishes, but some of these have also rendered generous assistance in the line of pure 

 science. 



Illinois has a central zoological station at Normal, under the charge of Professor S. A.. 



