442 Transactions of the Agricultural 



begin with a general system of education for youth. Let this be done in 

 every district throughout India ; connecting, with every school that is esta- 

 blished, a garden and a circulating library ; and teaching, in addition to the 

 language of that district, the English language, weights, measures, and moneys : 

 if this were done, the system of culture, both in fields and gardens, would in 

 one generation be placed in a state to receive every improvement of which it 

 is susceptible. But how can we suppose that this is to be attempted in India, 

 when we know very well that the object of the rulers is not to improve the 

 people, but to turn them to their own account ? We must leave the matter, 

 therefore, to Providence, and expect nothing more from this Society than from 

 others similarly established and circumstanced. 



Art. iv. contains answers by Mr. Stirling to a number of queries circulated 

 by Mr. Carey, in one of which allusion is made to the celebrated school 

 at Hofwyl, in Switzerland, " as a proper model for any schools which may 

 be hereafter instituted in this country (India), in the establishing of which the 

 Society may possess sufficient influence." " I cannot conceive," says Mr. 

 Stirling, speaking of the establishment of such schools in India, " any measure 

 which would tend so much to the production of universal improvement." 

 (p. 43.) We are happy to find such sentiments entertained even by a single 

 individual. 



In Art. v., preserving seeds in phials of bran, or charcoal, packed in cotton, 

 is recommended; a specimen being presented, in October, 1821, of turnip seeds 

 capable of vegetating, which had been sent from Scotland in March, 1820. 



Art. vi. describes a mode of flute-grafting practised in India, apparently 

 from time immemorial. It differs from the flute-grafting of Europe in not 

 taking off the ring of bark from the stock, which is to be replaced by the ring 

 from the scion, but in peeling it down in shreds; and, when the scion ring is 

 put on, bringing the different shreds of bark up again over the newly introduced 

 ring, and uniting them at top over the cross section of the stock, under a 

 piece of clay. It is evidently a less perfect mode than the European, since 

 the bark so brought up can never unite either with the scion or with the 

 stock, (p. 47.) 



In Art. xvi. it is shown that good hemp may be prepared from the different 

 species of Musa and Yucca. 



Art. xix., " On the fruit trees of Cashmere and the neighbouring countries," 

 is of considerable interest. The fleshy and pulpy fruits are apples, pears, 

 quinces, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, and mulberries. The shell and stone 

 fruits are pomegranates, walnuts, and almonds. There are many varieties of 

 grape vines, both of exotic and of indigenous origin; and, while the country 

 was under Hindoo rule, much wine was made, and some brandy distilled. No 

 mulberry of Europe, or of Lower India, equals the sweet varieties of Cash- 

 mere. They are eaten ripe, or made into wine, vinegar, or spirit. An immense 

 quantity of oil and oil cake is made from the walnut, and the wood of the 

 tree is said to equal that of Britain for gunstocks. It is calculated that 

 Cashmere would supply as much walnut oil as would furnish gas enough to 

 light all Britain. A situation between Cashmere and British India is pointed 

 out as eligible for a nursery, in which the native fruits of both countries, and 

 newly introduced fruits from Europe, might be propagated and improved. 



" This is the Shahlomer, or garden of Pingower, made by Fiddee Khan, 

 the son of Uleemurdem Khan, both formerly governors of the province of 

 Cashmere. A wall of well-constructed masonry, in good repair, completely 

 encloses an area of very considerable extent. This area is divided into five 

 terraces, separated by breastworks of stone masonry, and descending to the 

 south. Through the middle of this garden, led by a canal lined with stone, 

 descends a considerable stream of clear, well-tasted, and cold water, which, 

 by means of trenches, of simple structure and arrangement, at right angles with 

 the main trunk, can be so diffused as speedily to flood the whole surface 

 of the terraces. This area at present contains only one large lemon tree, some 

 Lombardy poplars, a few rose trees ; five or six parterres of poppies, and 



