Uses of the JJ'lmus montdna. 409 



rollers ; e is a slip of tempered steel fixed to a at one end, and 

 set to c at any requisite point by a screw nut {/) passing through 

 different holes made in e at about 1 in. distance ; g is a leather 

 strap fixed at one end to c, and fastened to a by a button (^)j by 

 suitable holes. 



The bark, after being girdled by the saws, may be taken off 

 with any chisel, about 3 in. or 4 in. broad in the mouth. 



Allow me to add, that, even with the common pine (Pinus 

 sylvestris), I find the process of girdling extremely beneficial. 

 About ten years since, I had a pine tree which had been so 

 treated sawn into boards, and made into a large door, which, 

 though in a very exposed place, has stood as well as any foreign 

 deal. 



I conceive that, by girdling the whole of what would otherwise 

 be mere alburnum, it becomes similar to the heart-wood ; and this 

 may be one reason why the boards made from such trees are 

 found not to warp. 



Before I girdled, I never could have a ladder made of larch 

 that would continue straight for a month ; but now I have them 

 made durably perfect. — W. W. 



Art. VI. On the Uses of the U'lmus montana, or Wych Elm. 

 By Mr. John Ashworth. 



The wych, or Scotch, elm ( t/'lmus montana), as every planter 

 knows, has a wide rambling manner of growth ; but it is so 

 useful for timber, when compared with any other species of 

 Z71mus, that it is a great pity it should be used as a stock, unless 

 the graft be better than itself; which, certainly, is not the case 

 with the grafted elm (t/^lmus campestris). The timber of the 

 Scotch elm is nearly equal in value to the ash ; and it is good 

 for the naves, poles, and shafts of gigs and other carriages ; 

 and, from its not splintering, as the oak and ash do, in time of 

 battle, for the swingle-trees of great-gun carriages. It is also 

 used for dyers' and printers' rollers, the wood by constant use 

 wearing smooth. Cartwrights employ it for shafts, naves, beds, 

 rails, and standards for wheelbarrows, and the handles of spades, 

 forks, and other agricultural implements. The grafted elm 

 (t/'lmus campestris) is only used in ship-building, and in the 

 construction ©f pumps, wheelbarrows, coal-tubs, &c. The 

 price of the t/lmus campestris is from Is. to \s. 4<f. per cubic 

 foot; and that of the U. montana is from Is. 8c?. to 2s. Young 

 plants of the former, 6 ft. high, are 6d. each ; and of the latter 

 only 12s. per hundred; so I leave your readers to draw their 

 own inferences as to the comparative profit attending the grow- 

 ing of the two kinds. 



Prestwicky Manchester.) Feb. 15. 1836. 



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