46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1914. 



spring Mr. Hodge made a brief visit to the library of the Presby- 

 terian Board of Home Missions in New York City, where he was 

 enabled to record the titles of numerous published writings on mis- 

 sionary efforts among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, not acces- 

 sible elsewhere. In this bibliographical work he has had the assist- 

 ance of Mrs. Frances S. Nichols and Miss Florence M. Poast. Mr. 

 Hodge continued to represent the bureau on the Smithsonian Ad- 

 visory Committee on Printing and Publication, and the Smithsonian 

 Institution on the United States Board on Geographic Names. 



Early in the autumn of 1913 Mr. Hodge made a reconnoissance of 

 a group of ruins, evidently prehistoric, on a mesa rising from the 

 south Avestern margin of the Cebollita Valley, about 20 miles south of 

 Grant, Valencia County, N. Mex., and only a feAv yards from the 

 great lava flow that has spread over the valley to the westward for 

 many miles. While no very definite information regarding the origin 

 of this ruined pueblo has yet been obtained, there is reason to suppose 

 that it was occui^ied by ancestors of the Tanyi, or Calabash, clan of 

 the Acoma tribe, and is possibly the one known to them at Kowina. 



These ruins consist of a number of house groups forming a com- 

 pound. That the structures were designed for defense is evident, for 

 not only are they situated on an almost impregnable height rising 

 about 200 feet above the valley, but the houses themselves partake of 

 the form of fortifications, while the only vulnerable point of the 

 mesa is protected at the rim by means of a rude breastwork of stones. 

 Moreover, the outer walls of the buildings, some of which still stand 

 to a height of several feet, are pierced only with loopholes, entrance 

 to the structures doubtless having been gained by means of portable 

 ladders, as in some of the pueblos of to-day. The houses of the great 

 compound, consisting of four compact groups of buildings, were evi- 

 dently " terraced " on the plaza side, the rooms facing this court per- 

 haps having been only a single story in height. As a further protec- 

 tion to the pueblo, the eastern side was defended by a low wall, 

 pierced by three gatewaylike openings, extending from the north- 

 eastern to the southeastern corner of the compound. 



The rooms indicated in the ground plan of the four house groups 

 number approximately 95 (for the northern group), 58 (eastern 

 group), 32 (central group), and 102 (southeastern group), or an 

 aggregate of 287 rooms. At the time of its occupancy the number of 

 rooms in the compound probably approximated 550. In addition, 

 there are traces of four or five single-story rooms abutting on the de- 

 fensive wall bounding the northeastern part of the compound. A 

 short distance from the southwestern angle of the southwestern house 

 group are two smaller detached houses, the southernmost one con- 

 sisting of 24 rooms in a long tier, 2 rooms deep, extending approxi- 

 mately NNW. and SSE. The other structure, about 55 feet north- 



