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tnsriTED STATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215 



were relatively exclusive, being either monotypic or 

 including only two genera. The Globorotaliidae in- 

 cluded both Globorotalia and Globotruncana, here 

 separated in two families, as well as Cycloloculina and 

 Sherbornina. The latter two bear no relation to these 

 planktonic Foraminifera. In the Hantkeninidae he 

 also originally included Mimosina and Trimosina which 

 are completely unrelated to these planktonic families. 



Cushman's family and subfamily descriptions were 

 extremely generalized. For example, the family diag- 

 noses for the Globigerinidae and Rotaliidae could be 

 interchanged without loss of meaning. In later editions 

 of his text, Mimosina and Trimosina were removed 

 fromi the Hantkeninidae, and Schackoina and Crib- 

 rohantkenina were added. The Globorotaliidae re- 

 mained the same, with the addition of Rotalipora and 

 two superficially similar but non-planktonic genera 

 Olobowtalites and Cribrogloborotalia (see summary of 

 classifications, below). 



Galloway (1933) placed Hantkenina in the Noni- 

 onidae, because of the planispiral coiling, and Globo- 

 rotalia in the Eotaliidae. He recognized the family 

 name Orbulinidae as having priority over the Globi- 

 gerinidae, and included in it many of the forms placed 

 in the latter by Cushman, as well as Globotruncana and 

 Neocribrella and three "doubtful Foraminifera" Calp- 

 ionella, Oligostegina and Disphoeridium. 



In 1942, Brotzen subdivided the rotaliform Foram- 

 inifera into the Nonionidae (all planispiral genera), 

 Rotaliidae (with the conical tiu-bospiral genera), Val- 

 vulineriidae (for the lenticular formed genera), and 

 Epistominidae (also turbospLral lenticular, but with a 

 sharply angled periphery, commonly with both an 

 interiomarginal aperture and an areal exteriomarginal 

 aperture). He included within the Valvulineriidae the 

 subfamilies Valvuleriinae, Cibicidinae, Globigerininae, 

 and Globotruncaninae. However, the name Ano- 

 maUnidae Cushman takes precedence over Cibicidinae, 

 and the name Globorotaliinae has precedence over 

 Globotruncaninae. Furthermore, Orbulinidae has pri- 

 ority over Globigerininae, and aU of these names — 

 Anomalinidae, Orbulinidae, and Globorotalidae — take 

 precedence over the name Valvulineriidae. 



Glaessner (1948) placed the Hantkeninidae as a 

 subfamily within the Globigerinidae, and his Globo- 

 rotaliidae was restricted to include only Globotruncana 

 and Globorotalia, being separated from the Globiger- 

 inidae largely on the basis of the compressed trocho- 

 spiral form and the carinate periphery. 



In 1949 the important study of wall structm-es in the 

 Foraminifera by Wood showed that the Globigerinidae, 

 Hantkeninidae, and Globorotahidae (including Globo- 

 truncana) all possessed a perforate radial wall structure. 

 The Nonionidae were foimd to have a perforate granular 

 wall structure. Thus the apparent similarity in plani- 

 spiral coiling in the Hantkeninidae and Nonionidae is 

 due to convergence and these groups are not closely 

 related, as considered by Galloway. 



Bermudez (1952) however, again placed the Hant- 

 keninidae (reduced to a subfamily) in the Nonionidae. 



Globorotalia and Turborotalia (here included with Globo- 

 rotalia) he placed with many other non-planktonic 

 genera in the subfamily Valvulineriinae, family Rotali- 

 idae, apparently following Brotzen. However, if this 

 group of genera were to be placed in the same subfamily, 

 the name Globorotaliidae Cushman 1927 would neces- 

 sarily have precedence, as noted above. 



Globotruncana, Praeglobotruncana, Truncorotalia (here 

 considered synon3anous with Globorotalia), and Th/il- 

 manninella (here considered a synonym of Rotalipora) 

 were separated by Bermudez into the subfamily Globo- 

 trimcaninae, although he did not include Globorotalia, 

 as had Brotzen. Ticinella (here included in Rotalipora) 

 and Rugoglobigerina were placed by Bermudez in the 

 Globigerinidae. Rotalipora itself was placed in the 

 Cymbaloporidae, following the suggested relationship 

 of these genera referred to by Brotzen, although Brotzen 

 had included Rotalipora and Oymbalopora in the 

 Globotruncaninae. 



Bronnimann and Brown (1956) recently elevated the 

 subfamily Globotruncaninae to family rank, and in- 

 cluded within it 12 genera. They stated (p. 526) that: 

 "No single morphologic character yet known to us is 

 sufficient to separate all of these twelve genera from 

 some other families of Foraminifera, such as the Globo- 

 rotaliidae or the Globigerinidae." Within the family 

 they included genera with either apertural cover plates 

 [tegiUa], supplementary apertures on the ventral side, 

 a surface ornamentation of discontinuous costeUae, or 

 a single- or double-keeled periphery. These characters, 

 however, are of variable taxonomic value, and a more 

 restricted definition of the family seems advisable. 

 The classification used in the present work considers 

 the apertural characters to be of the greatest family 

 significance, and excludes from the Globotruncanidae 

 all genera which do not have an umbihcal aperture and 

 umbilical tegUla. The surface ornamentation (such as 

 keels, nodes, and costellae) are variable characters 

 within a genus and are of specific value only. The 

 genera with supplementary apertmres on the umbilical 

 side are here placed in the Globorotaliidae, as they all 

 have a visible primary extramnbilical-umbilical aper- 

 ture like that of Globorotalia. 



Within their family Globotruncanidae Bronnimann 

 and Brown have thus placed the genera Hedbergina (a 

 probable synonym of Praeglobotruncana), Praeglobo- 

 truncana, Ticinella and Thalmanninella (two synon3Tns 

 of Rotalipora), and Rotalipora, all of which, because of 

 the extraumbUical position of the primary aperture, 

 we place in the family Globorotaliidae. Globotruncana 

 and Rugoglobigerina are considered by both classifica- 

 tions to belong to the Globotruncanidae. In addition, 

 Bronnimann and Brown placed within their family 

 Globotruncanidae as distinct genera Plummerita, Trini- 

 tella and Kuglerina (all synonyms of Rugoglobigerina) 

 and Rugotruncana and Bucherina (synonyms of Globo- 

 truncana). 



Hofker (1956, p. 313) placed in the "family Mar- 

 ginolamellidae" (a family name which he had proposed, 

 but which is invalid as it is not based on the name of 



