342 THE AMEEICAN MIGEATION. 



cources of a rare sagacity to the solution of this difficult problem. Only when 

 we shall have verified the place of the Chibchas in the circle of the other 

 American races, can we hope to detect the traces of any possible shifting of the 

 population. On the neighboring high lands of Quito, on the other hand, we 

 meet with some indications of such an occurrence, if but faint ones. As early 

 as the year 980, Caran Schyri conquered the kingdoni of Cara. The Cara race 

 inhabited the coast from the river Oharapoto to Cape S. Francisco, and is said 

 to have come from over the sea. History does not distinctly inform us whence 

 it sprung, nor at what time its colonization took place.* Nevertheless, it might 

 be possible to connect its appearance with the common American migration, 

 Avhich, if it generally reached South America, arrived there in a much attenu- 

 ated condition. 



Peru is to the southern division of America what Mexico is to the northern. 

 It is, moreover, the only point of South America in which distinct indications 

 of an immigration present themselves. In the absence of these, the hypothesis 

 might perhaps be tenable that the migration terminated at the lake of Nicaragua 

 without having attained the South American mainland. But the fact that the 

 numerous relics of civilization in Peru clearly point to two different periods of 

 culture, and proceed from two different races of men, one of which immigrated 

 at epochs capable of being historically determined, could scarcely be expr.dned 

 without bringing this incident into connexion with the general migration. While 

 the origin of the Peruvian kingdom, like that of all these races, loses itself in a 

 cloud of myths;t while many extinct tribes, as the Chinchas or Yungas, and 

 the Huaucas, may still be identified ; while the extensive structures near Tiahu- 

 anuco on Lake Titicaca,! the ruins of the once gorgeous temple of Pachacamac§ 

 on a mountain by the sea, to the southeast of Lima, and perhaps also the ruins 

 of the ancient Caxamarquilla,|l are derived from the once powerful Aymara 

 nation, which inhabited the land in early times, as their chiilpas^ or sepulchral 

 mounds still attest, there arrived on the elevated plains of Quito and Cuzco, in 

 the year 1021 of our era, a warlike people, whom 1 propose to call, from their 

 rulers, the Inca race. Manco Capac, the first of these lords of the sun, founded, 

 in 1050, the city of Cuzco,** while under his successor, Sinchi Roca, the Ay- 

 maras withdrew further west, in order to evade the domination of the Incas. 

 Under the following emperors, Lloque Yupanqui and Mayta Capac, war was 

 made upon the Aymaras, who were compelled still to recede. Finally, in the 

 fifteenth century, the Inca Capac Yupanqui drove the native races before him 



* The first king founded the city of Cara on the bay of Caraqui between the years 700 and 

 800. The Caras conquered under Schyris I, to Schyris VIII, all the small separate states 

 which existed in that region, and continued as the kingdom of Quitu txnder the dynasty of 

 the Schyris of Cara until the year 1487, when the powerful Inca Hayna Capac conquered 

 their kingdom and reduced it to a province of Peru. (Velasco, Historia de Quito.) 



+ Many of Avhich recall those of the highlands of Anahuac, as, for example, that of Que- 

 ralcohuatl. 



t On two islands of the lake are seen the temples of the sun and moon, together with the 

 cloister of the virgins dedicated to the moon. On the genuine ruins of Tiahuanuco is every- 

 where recognized the symbol of the sun, and I am therefore persuaded that the Incas did not, 

 as is commonly thought, bring with them the worship of the sun, but, rather, found it al- 

 ready in the country and adopted it. 



§ Pachacamac (that is, creator of the earth, from patcha, earth, and camac, participle of 

 camane, I make) was the supreme God of the Indians of Peru.' 



II In a part of the valley of Rimac. 



^ The graves of the Changes and Quechuas are called huacas, which means, according to 

 some writers, place of weeping ; (see, on the signification of this word, Prescott's Hist, of 

 the Conquest of Peru, vol. i, p. 93;) they occur in great numbers, especially in the hills of 

 Cocotea, Tamba, and Mejillones, in the envirous of Iquique, and in the Morro of Arica. 



*^ Cuzco, the Ccoz^coof the Incas, signifies in the Quechua language, "navel" — that is, 

 centre of the kingdom. 



