THE AMEEICAN MIGRATION. 343 



as far as Chili, where, at length, the brave tribe of Chalchaqui Indians opposed 

 to the ambitious Incas an efi'cctual resistance.* 



If it be considered that the Inca dynasty in Peru presents more than one re- 

 semblance to the civilized Toltecs of Mexico ; that in the traditions of both 

 many points of coincidence occur, and, what perhaps is of most weight, that the 

 tim(i of the appearance of the Incas in Peru agrees in a surprising degree with 

 that at which the Toltecs, after the subversion of their kingdom, might have 

 reached the country, we shall scarcely be disposed to reject the surmise of A. 

 V. Humboldt, that in early epochs a procession of the later Inca races took place 

 over the table land of Mexico. Their arrival in Peru would thus constitute the 

 last step of the great American migration. The ingenious arguments by which 

 Humboldt weakened without overthrowing his own conjecture are well known, 

 leaving the question open whether the Toltec races which passed into the south- 

 ern hemisphere piocecded by the way of the cordilleras of Quito and Peru, or 

 through the plains lying east of the Andes to the banks of the Marauon. 



In the remaining tracts of the ^outh American continent there occur but few 

 traces ot civilization of a quite inferior grade. The migration, as far as is yet 

 known, did not penetrate into these regions, but was confined to the western 

 part of the range of the Andes. Even in southern Chili and Patagonia nothing 

 of such an event is distinguishable. All that :s found in the low lands of South 

 America pertaining to human culture consists of a sort of runic characters, 

 eilhi'r carved or painted on stone, which are of very doubtful signification. We 

 meet with such hieroglyphic symbols not far from Tijuca, in the diamond district 

 of Miuas Geraes, in Brazil; further north, near Ceara ; in the province of Bahia, 

 on the Serra do Anastasio, and in the scarcely explored wilderness, of Piauhy ; 

 they occur next in the province of the Alto Amazonas, on the banks of the Ilio 

 Hyapura ; near Montalegre, in the province of Para, and on the Hio Negro and 

 Kio Ucagari, or Uaupes. The tradition of the Zome, existing among the In- 

 dians of the province of Bahia, and which bears some resemblance to the Bo- 

 chica of the Chibchas, and the Qnetralcohtiatl of the Toltecs, wtuld seem to 

 show that an element of culture had penetrated into the counti-y from without.t 

 Some countt^nauce seems to be given to this supposition by the statement of the 

 oldest authorities that, of the two groups of inhabitants who occuj^ied Brazil at 

 the time of its discovery, one regarded the other as being more recent intruders. 

 If It be true, however, that there once existed in the low lands of Brazil, as in 

 the. interior of the United States of North America, the seat of a not wholly un- 

 civilized race of aborigines, the fact mtist at least ascend into such remote pre- 

 historic times that every trace thereof may have well been obliterated.^ " For," 



* Respecting the history of Peru see the following works — Balboa : Histoire du Perou. — 

 Beauchauip: Histoire cle la Conquitn tt des Revolutions dc Perou, Paris, 18U8. — Bellesteros : 

 Oidenanzas del Peru, IL'nna, iiiSo. — Colpaert : Eude sur le Perou, Paris. — Desjardines : Le 

 Perou (leant la Coiiquete Espagnolc, Paris, 185b. — Fernandez : Historin, del Peru, Sevilla, 

 loTl. — Gaicilasode la Vega: Comcntarios Reales, 16U9, and Hist. Gentral del Peru, 161G. — 

 Gosse: Dissertation sur tcs Pacts (jai Composaicnt V Ancicnnc Population du Perou, Paris, 

 ]8G0. — Xjaikhum: Travels in Peru and India, London, 18ti2. — Marmontel: Les Incas, Franc- 

 fort, 17Ui.— Peralta: Lima Funduda, Poema Eroycs,lj\ma,, 17',i'-i. — Perez: Notice sur Ics Gut- 

 pus des Anciens Perumens. — (Kev. Amer., 18(54.) — Prcscott: Hist, of the Conquest of Peru, 

 New Yoik, J847. — Rivero y Tschudi : Antiquedades Peruanas, Vienna, 185J. — Xerez : Con- 

 quista del Peru, Salamanca, 1547. — Zarate: Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del 

 Peru, Seviila, 15:57. 



t ll.mdelmanu, Geschichte von Brasilien, Berlin, I860, p. 7-11. 



t Tlierc is, of course, no literature properly relating to the ancient history of these coun- 

 tries, bat scattered notices may be found in the following works, in which, moreover, the 

 whole of their history since the conquest is comprised — Angelis: CoUerrion de obras y Docu- 

 vieutos relativos a la Historia Antique y Moderna dclas Provinvias del Riodela Plata, Buenos 

 Ayres, 18:!6. — Arenales: Noticias Historicas y Descriptivas sabre el gran pais del Chaco y Rio 

 Berviijo, Buenos Ayres, 18J3. — Baralt: Resiimen de la Historia ae Venezuela, Paris, 1841. — 



