BULLETIN 102, VOL. 1, UNITED STATES IfTATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The principal energy Tnaterials and their main uses. 



Coal. 



Energy content (only small part extracted by present practice). 



Power (about 



two-thirds of 



total coal and 



oil used for 



generation of 



power). 



Petroleum.., 



Natural gas. 



Water power 



Generation of 

 steam. Gene- 

 ration of elec- 

 tricity. Manu- 

 facture of gas 

 used in inter- 

 nal-c m b u s- 

 tiofa engine. 



Gasoline for mo- 

 tor use. Fuel- 

 oil and crude 

 petroleum for 

 steam-raising. 

 Kerosene for 

 motor use. 



Used in internal 

 combustion 

 engine. Used 

 for steam rais- 

 ing. 



Generation of 

 electricity. 



Heat (in part 



derived from 



power). 



Domestic fuel 

 (anthracite 

 and bitumi- 

 nous coal). 

 Gas for heat- 

 ing. Heat for 

 in dustri al 

 processes; 

 nearly one- 

 sixth of total 

 coal used as 

 domestic fuel. 



Kerosene for do- 

 mestic heat- 

 ing. Heat for 

 industrial 

 processes. 



Domestic heat. 

 Industrial 

 heat in glass 

 making, etc. 



Domestic heat- 

 ing by elec- 

 tricity. Elec- 

 tric furnaces 

 for metallur- 

 gi c al and 

 chemical work. 



Light (in part 



derived from 



power). 



Chemical work. 



Commodity con- 

 tent (mostly im- 

 used at present). 



Electricity 

 made from 

 coal. Gas 

 made from 

 coal. 



Reducing action 

 of carbon in 

 metallurgical 

 operations. 

 Nearly one- 

 sixth of total 

 coal made into 

 coke is for iron 

 production. 



Kerosene for 

 lamps. Gas 

 and electricity 

 made from gas 

 oil. 



Gas lighting. 



Electric lighting. 



Electrochemical 

 manufacture. 

 Electrometal- 

 lurgical proc- 

 esses. 



Ammonia, ben- 

 zol, and tar ex- 

 tracted from 

 about one- 

 twelfth of total 

 bituminous 

 coal. Used as 

 such and start- 

 ing point for 

 manufacture of 

 fertilizers, 

 drugs, dyes, 

 chemicals, and 

 other coal 

 products. 



Lubricating oils, 

 benzine, vase- 

 line, asphalt, 

 paraflBln wax, 

 etc. 



Lampblack. 



"Water. 



Thus each energy material is used for the generation of power, 

 the production of heat, the furnishing of light, the accomphshment of 

 chemical work, and the manufacture of important commodities. 

 Although these apphcations are largely complementary, it has com« 

 about that the various demands are filled for the most part as inde- 

 pendent units, without reference to the fact that the same original 

 amount of material may be made to serve several fimctions as well as a 

 single end. Accordingly one portion of our coal output is devoted 

 to power generation, another to the production of domestic heat, a 

 third to the manufacture of coke, a fourth to the making of city gas; 

 one part of the petroleum supply is consumed in the crude or semi- 

 crude condition as fuel, another part is partly refined, stiU another 

 fraction is completely refined, and so on. In general, the energy 

 material is applied to the immediate purpose at hand, with no refer- 

 ence to any other consideration; As a consequence of this imcc- 

 ordinated use a vast excess of coal and oil is consumed above the 

 intrinsic requirement. 



Again, the energy sources, coal, oil, natural gas, and water power 

 are to a great measure interchangeable; yet each possesses certain 



