18 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 217 



T0UUGAK.L.CHANOLERL. KjJNGOMOVIK 

 CON)rACy CR. KAl).UT>|KCR. | 



KUNGOMOVIK 



SEPTEMBER 



10 20 



OCTOBER 



10 20 



NOVEMBER 



Figure S. — Temperatures in Anaktuvuk Pass. Top: Winter temperature 1948-1949, 

 taken daily at 8 a.m. (from the journal of Simon Paneak). Bottom: High and low 

 temperatures, spring 19S1 (from the journals of John Krog and Simon Paneak), 



manently frozen foundation of the tundra. Few of the lakes in the 

 valley are a mile in length. 



Tuluak Lake on the east side of the valley (Lat. 60°19' N., Long. 

 151°26' W.), is formed principally by the clear streams from N"akag- 

 nik Springs, rising from about a quarter-mile east of the lake, and in 

 places is open throughout the winter. Tuluak is a deep lake, nearly 

 a mile in length, well stocked with grayling, a large and a small char, 

 small lake trout, and whitefish. It is a pleasant spot, much frequented 

 by migrating birds, and is still a favorite Eskimo campsite. Local 

 stories and traces of old habitations nearby indicate its ancient im- 

 portance to the mountain Eskimo, who formerly called that portion 

 of the valley Tuluak, meaning "raven." The Eskimos say that they 

 called the valley Tuluak and applied Anaktuvuk to another valley east 

 of there. Schrader, who named the localities (1904), was apparently 

 not guided there by the mountain Eskimos and he applied some names 

 varying from historic Eskimo usage. Subsequent maps have often 

 failed to use established aboriginal names and have applied trite, 

 meaningless English names. 



Weather and Climate 



The record of temperature in figure 5, prepared from observations 

 by Simon Paneak and John Krog, shows no extreme cold, but 

 sudden fluctuations in winter temperature often occur. These changes 

 are frequently accompanied by winds so violent and turbulent that, 

 particularly in the Killik Valley, Eskimo boys were taught that winter 

 travelers must camp only at sites known from experience to be shel- 



