250 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 217 



Ravens {Gorvus corax 'principalis) are often seen throughout the 

 year in the vicinity of the high cliffs where they nest. They are con- 

 sidered to be birds of established residence. It is also known that 

 they often make long flights which are considered to imply that 

 their hunting extends over wide ranges. The frequent association 

 of various numbers of ravens shows that they are related by their 

 sociability to the ravens of a greater area. 



Among those species which are seen throughout the year at Anaktu- 

 vuk, gyrf alcons and dippers appear to be birds of settled residence and 

 the ravens are probably mainly fixed residents. In the case of the 

 other four species which are represented throughout the year at 

 Anaktuvuk I have no opinion as to whether the settled residence is 

 a habit fixed in certain individuals. If so, it might be connected 

 with traits individually inherited. 



Four birds not f omid nesting there in summer are seen in winter at 

 Anaktuvuk and are listed as winter visitors in table 5, although their 

 appearance is too frequent to be considered casual. The snowy owls 

 {Nyctea scandiaca) come from near the arctic coast, where they nest 

 and where some spend the winter. The numbers seen vary with the 

 years. More are usually seen in late winter, but individuals do not 

 remain long in one place. It is not apparent whether they are in mi- 

 gration southward through Anaktuvuk. Their visits, while usual, 

 do not show any regularity that I can detect. Downy woodpeckers 

 {Dendrocopus pubescens nelsoni), black-capped chickadees {Parus 

 atncapillus tumeri) , and pine grosbeaks {Pinicola enucleator alascen- 

 sis) also do not seem to have fixed winter locations on the tundra, 

 where they move about among patches of willows. Their winter 

 foraging on the tundra appears to be well established. All are 

 hardy birds, well able to live among low willows, where they may 

 find the branches bared by the winter winds of the tundra better 

 suited for feeding than the branches in the still forests, which are 

 often thickly covered with snow. In summer these three species have 

 not been seen on the tundra. They reverse the usual seasonal direction 

 of movement by coming at least a limited distance northward in 

 winter. It seems likely that they return southward to the forests 

 for nesting in areas where the others of their kind are regularly 

 present. 



In spite of several reports on its winter occurrence on the tundra 

 I list the ruby crowned kinglet {Regulu^ calendula) as a visitor to 

 mark my uncertainty rather than to describe the bird's status. With- 

 out a winter specimen I do not like to say that it occurs in winter 

 3,000 miles north of the range currently ascribed to it. 



In addition to the birds listed in table 5 as present in winter at 

 Anaktuvuk, one snow bunting {PlectropheTiax nivalis) , one goshawk 



