54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77 



to 0.171 m.). The remaining 22 average 414 inches (0.107 m.) in 

 width by IO14 inches (0.260 m.) in length. Six of these are pro- 

 vided with shallow finger grips on the longer sides, while three only, 

 and four of the shorter ones, show wear on both sides. Four of 

 the series, all long muUers, are slightly wedge-shaped in cross sec- 

 tion; three, including a reworked fragment, exhibit a convexity 

 due to wear on a narrow, shallowly troughed milling stone. On 

 the flat-faced metates of Betatakin, flat-faced manos naturally were 

 employed. 



Rubbing stones^ supposedly for smoothing newly surfaced floors, 

 walls, etc., bear a close relationship to the manos and might well 

 have substituted for them upon occasion. Our three specimens of 

 this type (pi. 32, 7-9) are all of sandstone, somewhat oval, carefully 

 shaped at the periphery, rubbed on both faces. Water-worn cobbles 

 frequently were carried long distances by Pueblo peoples living in a 

 region of sand and sandstone. From Betatakin we brought two 

 such cobbles (312231), both of which show slight use as smoothers. 

 One is of quartzite ; the other, diorite. 



Six small pebbles (312232), worn smooth by stream action, were 

 used to polish the thin clay slip with which earthen vessels were 

 surfaced. Such pebbles were the handy tools of Pueblo potters in 

 middle and late prehistoric times. 



Two still smaller pebbles of white flint (312310) are flattened on 

 one or more sides. Similar specimens have been found heretofore 

 in a medicine man's outfit. 



Hammer stones. — Any hard, tough stone served as a hammer. Of 

 the three in our series (312233), two are quartzite cobbles polished 

 by blown sand before human use; the third and largest (pi. 32, 6) is 

 of chert. 



Mauls. — Our two mauls are each provided with an encircling 

 groove for attachment of the customary withe handle. The larger, 

 of heavy sandstone, is flattish and irregular, but evidences con- 

 siderable work with the pecking hammer. (PL 32, -4.) In marked 

 contrast, the second is merely an elongate basalt cobble (312240), 

 grooved about the middle and probably used but once or twice. 



A much smaller and more globular specimen (312241), of vesicu- 

 lar quartzite,^^ while maullike in shape may have been intended as a 

 weapon. There can be little doubt, however, that the one shown in 

 Plate 32, 5, was designed as a club head, for it was carefully pecked 

 then smoothed with a sandstone rasp. Its pointed ends, slightly 

 battered on other rocks, illustrate the readiness with which almost 



^^ A seemingly porous material containing variecolored stone pellets and described by 

 the late Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator, Department of Geology, U. S. National 

 Museum, as " a very interesting and peculiar type of quartzite." 



