ART. 6 FORAMINIFERA: POLYMORPHINIDAE — CUSHMAN AND OZAWA 



ment of chambers in each series. Accordingly if a species with 

 either a quinquelocuHne or sigmoid series of chambers has each suc- 

 ceeding chamber added in a clockwise direction, each of the two series 

 of chambers is directed contraclockwisely, as is shown by the figure. 

 The question is whether or not the direction of the spiral, quin- 

 quelocuHne or sigmoid arrangement is fixed in the species. As far 

 as we have examined a great number of specimens of various species, 

 it is fixed in some species, especially those species of more advanced 

 genera, such as Sigmomorphina, Sigmoidella, and Polymorphina. 



FISTULOSE OUTGROWTHS 



One of the most interesting peculiarities of the Polymorphinidae is 

 the development of irregular fistulose outgrowths, generally covering 

 the upper part of the test and often extending over the whole surface. 

 It is interesting to note that the fistulose tubes are often rugose, as is 

 the wall of an extra small chamber. The fistulose forms have been 

 treated by some writers as constituting collectively a distinct species 

 or even generic group. Raphanulina, Apiopterina, and Aulostomella 

 are generic names given to fistulose forms. Brady, Parker, and Jones, 

 in their monograph of the genus Polymorphina, unite all fistulose 

 forms and put them in Polymorphina orbignii (Zborzewski), but much 

 later H. B. Brady found that almost all the common species of the 

 Polymorphinidae have fistulose varieties, and expressed the opinion 

 that it appears more natural to assign fistulose modifications to their 

 respective types, and their true position is that of individuals of 

 monstrous development. We are of the same opinion as Brady on 

 these problems, and in the present paper fistulose forms are not 

 separated even as a variety. 



The trouble is with the identification of the fistulose specimens, 

 because important characters of the species are often concealed 

 beneath the fistulose outgrowths. Many authors have figured and 

 named fistulose forms, and in most cases the fistulose part is carefully 

 drawn, while the body of the test itself is neglected. Therefore it is 

 very difficult to determine to what species the figured fistulose form 

 is related. 



For example, Raphanulina humboldti has well-developed fistulose 

 outgrowths, but it is impossible to determine the arrangement of 

 chambers. Therefore we are compelled to abandon it as a species, 

 although it is described as early as 1834. Many varietal and specific 

 names given to the fistulose forms are omitted in the present paper 

 because of the difficulty in specifically determining them. 



ATTACHED FORMS 



Attached forms are not common in the family. Most attached 

 forms are compressed, and the main body of the test resembles some 



