in the Climates of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin. 139 



„ J Fondante d'Automne - - ripens in Sept. and Oct. 



" ' \ Louise-Bonne (of Jersey) - - — October. 



3 | Marie Louise \ _ _ ......_ November. 



(_ Beurre Bosc J 



. f Beurre Diel, or the Althorp Crassane - - — November. 



' l_ Glout Morceau - - - — Nov. and Jan. 



f, J Winter Nelis - - — ■ Nov. and Jan. 



' \ Passe-Colmar - - - — Nov. and Jan. 



fi f Easter Beurre - - - — Jan. and March. 



' \ Beurre de Ranz (improperly, Ranee) - — March and May. 



Should circumstances render it necessary to limit the number of trees to 

 six, the above may be grafted as denoted by the brackets ; in placing which, 

 regard was had to the growth of the tree. For example, it would be improper 

 to work the Beurre Diel, a rambling broad-leaved sort, with the Winter Nelis, 

 which has slender wood and narrow leaves, assimilating to those of the Passe- 

 Colmar, with the growth of which it will very nearly correspond. 



The fruit of the Beurre de Ranz (not Ranee), by being deposited in a cool 

 dry situation, may be kept for a month longer than the period above men- 

 tioned. The very early summer varieties of apples and pears will only keep 

 a few days ; it would therefore be more advantageous to graft only one limb, 

 composing the fourth or sixth part of a tree, of each kind ; and, by so doing, 

 the Ambrosia and Summer Franc real might be introduced. In short, it 

 would be desirable to limit the autumn varieties to as few trees as possible, 

 in order to leave space for whole trees of the more valuable late ones. 



Edinburgh and Dublin. — The preceding selection will probably be found to 

 succeed as dwarfs, in sheltered situations, at Edinburgh and Dublin. If a 

 sloping bed of concrete could be afforded for the roots, great advantages would 

 accrue, with regard to both flavour and bearing ; or a bottoming of small stones 

 would likewise prove beneficial, and such can frequently be easily procured. 

 The bottoming, whether of concrete or other materials, is recommended to 

 be laid sloping, for the following reasons. The roots of pear and apple trees 

 have a tendency to strike downwards perpendicularly, at least a considerable 

 portion of them ; and they will find their way through the loose materials, till 

 they reach the evil which these materials were intended to guard them from, 

 the cold subsoil ; but, when a slope is offered, they will be more easily induced 

 to follow it, and that in proportion as it approaches the direction of their natu- 

 ral tendency. In the case of concrete, of course the roots cannot penetrate it, 

 but it is nevertheless advisable to give it a slope, otherwise water would rest 

 stagnant, and probably acquire acidity from solutions derived from the soil 

 above, and hence disease may ensue. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that 

 perfect drainage should be effected exterior to, and lower than, the surface of 

 the concrete, or the bottom of the stratum of stones. 



For Edinburgh, as well as Dublin, it will probably be found proper to sub- 

 stitute the Althorp Crassane for the Beurre Diel, and Hacon's incomparable 

 for the Passe-Colmar; the Ne plus Meuris should also be kept in view, in case 

 the Glout morceau or Easter beurre should not succeed. 



On reconsidering the above limited selection, it has been thought advisable 

 to mention a few other sorts, in order that those who choose may possess a 

 greater variety, even although they had not space to increase the number of 

 trees. It is necessary to observe, that, where a branch is to be grafted, it 

 should be cut off in winter, at, or a little above, the place where the graft is 

 intended to be inserted ; otherwise, if delayed till spring, when the sap is 

 flowing, the alburnum is often killed to the next branch below, or to some 

 latent bud, so that the graft sometimes does not take, more especially if the 

 branch be large ; or, if it does form a union, canker generally takes place. If 

 this remark be attended to, and if the operation be judiciously performed, no 

 injury whatever will result. The vigour of the following sorts, of which the 

 flavour is likewise excellent, will correspond sufficiently near with that of the 

 above, which are included by the brackets 1, 2, and 3. : — 



