254 Royle's Illustrations of the Natural History 



for dyeing yellow, as is that of ilfdrus tinctoria, called fustic, and .Fjcus 

 tinctoria. 



XJ/mdcece, nearly allied to f/rticese, contains some species not yet introduced 

 into England, such as J7lmus integrifolia, U. lancitolia, U. erosa, U. laavigata 

 Roylc, and U. virgata. Some species of 6'eltis also remain to be introduced. 



Jugldndece. — Juglans regia extends from Greece and Asia Minor, over 

 Lebanon and Persia, to the Himalayas. .7". arguta, found by Dr. Wallich in 

 Taong Dong, is not yet introduced into England. The Arabs call the walnut 

 " the nut," and the Persians the " four brains." 



Anient dceec . — A number of species belonging to this order are mentioned, 

 none of which are yet introduced, though, from the elevated localities in which 

 they are found, several will doubtless prove hardy in this country. 



A reduction will take place, Dr. Royle observes, in the number of Himalayan 

 oaks at present enumerated ; all of them varying much in appearance. Gorylus 

 lacera abounds on the highest mountains, with Carpinus viminea. Several 

 species of J'lnus and i?etula are mentioned, which, as we have stated in the 

 Arb. Brit. (Dr. Royle having kindly lent us the proof sheets of this part of the 

 work while they were passing through the press), would be most desirable 

 introductions. 



" The willows, diffused in distribution, are also multiform in habit ; the 

 species peculiar to the Himalayas are not found easier than others of discri- 

 mination. As they occur both in warm and cold parts of the world, so we 

 have them both in the plains and mountains of India. Salix babylonica is 

 common in gardens in Northern India, as is S. asgyptiaca; while the poly- 

 androus S. tetrasperma Roxb. is found in the Kheree Pass, along the foot of 

 the mountains, and in other hot parts of India, as Bengal and the Peninsula. 

 A species of this genus, as we have seen, is common also on the Senegal. We 

 know that a dwarfish willow (Salix arctica) extends to, and forms the only 

 woody plant of, high northern latitudes ; so the diminutive S. Lindleyana is 

 found on the loftiest parts, or between 12,000 ft. and 13,000 ft., of such moun- 

 tains as Kedarkanta ; with Rhododendron lepidotum and anthropogon, the 

 only other ligneous plants. S. hirta and rotimdifolia nob., from Kunawur, 

 resemble, the former S. hastata, from Lapland, and the latter S. polaris and 

 S. herbacea. 



"The poplars are confined to the northern hemisphere; we find them flou- 

 rishing on the Himalayas only at considerable elevations. Populus ciliata 

 [a new species, of which a figure is given], found in Kemaon, is common on the 

 northern face of the Choor, at Muttiana, and at Seran in Lower Kunawar. 

 P. pyriformis nob. occurs in Deobum. P. alba Lin., common in Europe and 

 the north of Asia, extends to the north of the Himalayas, as I have had spe- 

 cimens brought me from Kunawar. The native country of P. dilatata, or the 

 Lombardy poplar [P. fastigiata Arb. Brit.], seems to be quite unknown, some 

 authors considering it a native of Italy, and others of America, while some 

 even account it a hybrid. But, from the following facts, I think there is little 

 doubt of its having been brought to Europe from some Eastern country in 

 former times, when the communication by the East, and interchange of com- 

 modities, was greater than in recent times. Understanding that a tree which, 

 from the description, appeared to be a poplar had been introduced from the 

 Punjab, and was common in gardens to the north of the Jumna, I sent for it 

 into the Saharunpore Botanic Garden. The slips obtained grew well, and the 

 plants were ten or twelve feet high, with the habit of the Lombardy poplar, 

 when I left Saharunpore; the specimens in my herbarium were immediately 

 recognised by Mr. Don as those of P. dilatata. The ghurk [the Indian 

 name], or Lombardy poplar, is said, in Persian works, to be a native ofDailim 

 and Tinkahoon, near the south shore of the Caspian. Mr. Bailiie Fraser, I 

 understand from Mr. Don, says it is one of the most common trees in Persia, 

 and is that usually taken for the cypress in Persian drawings." (p. 344.) 



" The oaks, chestnuts, and others of the Amentaceae, are so well known for 

 their rich and luxuriant growth, and as forming the ornaments of European 



