at Squamish have been rapidly colonized b.y invertebrates. To assist in the 

 design of programs to monitor the environmental effects, a table showing the 

 time scale of various impacts is presented. 



95. LIMOGES, L.D., "In Tampa Bay: Dredge Fill Replaces Estuaries," World 

 Dredging and Marine Construction, Vol. 12, No. 12, Nov. 1976, pp. 10-14. 



A shallow-water bay and a marshy shoreline impeded Tampa Bay's develop- 

 ment. The two most utilized methods of modifying the bay's environment are 

 dredging and filling, generally within the limits of the bay itself or its 

 marshy shoreline. The utilization of fill in Tampa Bay has stimulated con- 

 troversy among developers, preservationists, public officials, and the general 

 public. 



96. LINDALL, W.N., Jr., "Alterations of Estuaries of South Florida: A Threat 

 to Its Fish Resources," Marine Fisheries Review, Vol. 35, No. 10, 1973, 

 pp. 26-33. 



Based on unpublished data from 1966 to 1970, about 85 percent of the 

 commercial fish and shellfish caught in south Florida consist of estuarine- 

 dependent species. The annual harvest of these species averaged more than 

 36 million pounds. It is estimated that the majority of the species taken by 

 anglers are estuarine dependent and are responsible for about $575 million of 

 the State's annual tourist industry. Man's alterations of the estuaries are 

 threatening these fish resources. Some of the major alterations, reduction 

 of freshwater runoff, domestic and industrial pollution, pesticide contami- 

 nation, thermal addition, dredging, and filling are discussed. 



97. LINDALL, W.N., HALL, J.R., and SALOMON, C.H., "Fishes, Macroinverte- 

 brates, and Hydrological Conditions of Upland Canals in Tampa Bay, 

 Florida," Fishery Bulletin,Vol. 7, No. 1, 1973, pp. 155-163. 



Faced with statutory restraints that prohibit dredging and filling of 

 estuarine bottoms, coastal developers have turned to alternate methods of 

 providing waterfront property for homesites. One method, recently used in 

 Tampa Bay, Florida, is the construction of access canals that lead from open 

 water to upland acreage. This paper presents biological and hydrological data 

 from new upland canals together with some comparative data from older upland 

 and bay-fill canals. In all types of presently engineered canals, stratified, 

 stagnant water causes low levels of dissolved oxygen in the summer months, 

 resulting in mortality or emigration among resident organisms. Means of 

 alleviating the problems are discussed. 



98. LONGWORTH, C.R., and FERGUSON, N.J., "Ecological and Environmental 

 Aspects of Dredging and Port Construction," SEATEC 77: The Dredging 

 and Construction of Ports for Developing Countries , Singapore, Intel 

 Press, Ltd., 1977. 



This paper discusses the general planning and environmental considerations 

 associated with dredging and port works, including appropriate examples . As a 

 practical approach to planning, economic considerations are an important part of 

 both environmental and engineering problems . 



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