ee ey ee Tey 
Marcu 1, Baa 
THE SASZENERS 
CHRONIC 
LE. 133 
roots sho 
t ba uld be 
ular excrescences | 
orming che 
Theoretica! 
influences Sobre and storms). y Ih 
3 but jakiai it is 
piaba to say 
cert: 
f$ J MIN JUMUW SEC Sawe 
laws as water in respect of alterations of bulk, that is, 
"T nev er saw a 
freezing, and with an increase of frost it will contract. 
of a stump or 
If, therefore, it 
dent of any branch, and l; nka 
ta 
over. Henry Bailey, Nuneham, Oxford. 
pondent M. J. B. will have something to say presently 
on this subject. ] 
ON FROST i bait, —Bry son ROBERT Caspary. 
onti. Aipa 
Siis th f 
the causes of nd 
WE Iban and i =i the first place it is pene? Rd 
the different views of the subject entertained by ty 
must do 80 at the moment of “congelation or not at all, 
It 
t the ae clefts ta ob 
could not have been Srei wind is clear, as a Gall 
n on ‘their hae on the thi ckest firmest lowe er part 
the 
ture o 4° R. (30° to 23° F.) A plant, 
therefore, whose t tiae i is broken by the eens: of the 
1° to 
ecessors. 
el and Buffon (Hist. de PAcad. Roy. de 
1. Daham 
Sciences de Paris, 1737, P. #9 express the o opinion 
more “aux expositions du Nord 
et du watt a ” than in other directions, because the 
cold on those sides is more severe. ‘This a 
her g P- feaa that the frost clefts are siper by 
tion, whereby the outer layers we uced in 
hee as never more than | — 4° (30 to 23°), In those exotic plants OTA rt 
2°, ‘ane is to say etl aoa enough for a little | in which foliaceous i e had fo rmed, the rupture took 
piece of YR. mst 25° F.). But 
ee e ground at a distance of 6 to 121 feet. o the trees I obse served, it has own 
wood, asis well known, y splits by d 3, thinner stems had cooled down partes —4 Ste ret 
i age cy frozen through and throu; 
oo ee nant to me (as I have ane mentioned Bot. liey ts the frost splitting did no time 
t occur a gg 
ot congeiation, but only at a subsequent paid at lower 
mperatures, a clear proof that the freezing of the sap 
wisa and ‘could not Tape the a force of the 
inner laye! ers, where uch evaporation had taken 
} } 
i A A pre Ch Cae Ro: 
canno 4 ha ave pea D kan: by Duhamel 
at leas sty forin Arbres,” 1758, p. 346, 
w is certai aay | incorrect, as is shown by a 
oy. d 
Sciences, Paris, 1737 ' p. 281 Bu mmaggest that in 
stems are burst by the ired o 
ut this ce: 
slates at the relative oe ag of the 
A 
the and To these partially 
contradictory statements "of Duhamel’ I will op ppose 
nuary to the poe , aS red to 
iny went Lanai m- to the 
13th Jan a ei is true that the telative moisture on 
7 
effects a the frost of 1788-9 
e country about Heeritikiiedh n, 
rubs whi ch had been planted on the 
th . 
h February at 2 p.m. was only 50 fl 
cent. at no as burst before the 3lst Jan 
from the 16th January to pee ime the moisture was 
of on rainy time of 
December and the first half m January, and even 
J 
` 
the north side ” g ery vol. v., p. 148). I have 
been beget Ba st the oe “ess of exposition 
on fros hey do not depend upon any co 
<omin, 
100 per cent. on the 22d and 23d January, 
ich ore ne ccurred in December or before the 
13th Jan 
eV., 
ceumulation of sa sap in 
ny, “Il n’est pas douteux que la sève, qui 
de volume a elle vient à a géler,* peut produire ph wits 
vere de ces “ Nous avons scié pl 
rer utlegués “de cette maladie (the on sarees > 
1758, . 346. 
th 
sò does 
but aly i in ie ct f 
aa nh bes Re in the pera Chrome 
185 4, P . 597) e s the one. that the Sap rises 
whose 1 
accum vidas BAE (ie ssert. p. 11) sees 
congelation of watery duid ' wig which older peta often 
s even in winter, and “ 
on. Te is striking | that all the 
i bserved frost are were not in the 
midst of the tigen but near to road r pat aths, and con 
large trees, os expansion of which i js s prevented by the 
ee to botto e jui 
ith” at l of the concurrent 
causes of frost splitting. That att some 
nt sont and the 
taken up dew 
devine. on the 
pen tly m open, as I h fully | surface. t 
oted. The N: of this is n t trees on the way- nature. "The s ollowing ra disprove it :—l. 
ot tha 
to any eet of weather in any 
side are more expose: 
, but that they are more liable to 
piei — and trees with o 
tes Rend 
The 
fee stems , before they J burst, fro: zen to the 
and t 
us,” 1853, rt “a0 sites several 
deposits of found in the 
where 
cavities of old overgrown ne "and. where on 
icular aspect centre as orei sho own, a , even, in the case 
be: ced ©, accidental only, eee intentional also, for | been no ascending current x sap in them. 2, The | ofa black Poplar, to 2 metres. But it does not follow 
r f cultivati The roads alon pg hich frost- colder the temperature, the less evaporation, and the that o n the congelation of this liquid, the stem must 
split oc cg in every direii. an p , even when, if th vity for 
with one and the same exposure there are often thermometer being above the freezing point, they are | its expansion, which must be _the case in a large frost 
patches as it were, the eo pps most inexplicable not actually frozen ; and the attributing to this sap, | cleft, t, the stem would then « 
diffe S. which must at any rate be v very s 1 btful that these 
wae Pon 
the long avenue of gy the bridge of 
Charlotten nburg to ee "talon the palace, which | has 
weak in ascending power, pc “ae! ne press on the | 
outer la ayers which are prevented by the cold from 
J 
Sood th the frost-split trees are n the “central 
n old om clefts take place at 
accumulations “ge sap i 
ring and the gh ren- of 
any other time nyse in 
at leas! 
be justi fied. t cle fts 
portion between the house No. 1 the n road 
and the Wilhelm eae though it is precisely this 
sheltered f 
proved to me me. ow of juices or gum only takes 
portion which is north by 
= houses ; ; before s an oy pr this part there are rarely 
proposition that certain exposures promote 
frost splitigi is to be distinguished from another one, 
7. In an ar naa of a correspondent of the Gard. deners’ 
Chronicle, signed “R. E E.” ich 
attacks tl 
u 
of 
l and maintained m r 
| RAER studies, 
s 
frost clefts ; i never found an 
is 
from them, as 1 well kno 
es, such or exudations from frost 
a ing a us of wood insects—and it 
ree but meteoric aged nat has foun 
At any rate it that 
beolghh forward ka Dukani. and Buffon 
example of a as I 
ore especially by many | never found ice in the cavities into the depths of 
particular points of the compass. Gaudichaud attri- gardeners, that the iain of the in the act of | which I saat oft n most distinctly, and the rotten 
butes the fissures in the wood, and So seek deep | freezing causes the uapu of the stem, and that the | wood which often red their sides was always dry - 
decay which shows itself o m the poth mido of an |b ting of o veewele a great part in the pheno- | without i tals, had ever 
ete aris, | menon. In exotic an: pet and small shrubs in whic! h alo the trees I observ observed, the same argu- 
aa ‘which runs Bic it, | remarkable formation of foli I P that in 
to the ey effects “of frost by night and thaw by | slight frost of 3° R. (25° F.) (Bot. Zeit., 1854, a 66. mi the case of re i have burst at a 
aiy during the winter. (“ ptes Rendus,’ 1853, p. | it is indeed clear that by the pages of the a dis- | small di of rate as soon as a 
805.) to his va of the alternation of frost and ruption of the tissue ensues, i first lon E the | perature of — 4° (23° F.) penetra: 
thaw as a of splitting I will return to them | layer of cambium and in the, aon itself, | interior of Now as from the 14th to the 20th 
tly ; I now only direction of the | but the ordinary frost clefts of our re certainly | Jani en days—the 
clefts as to the ran of the compass. Gaudichaud also | not produ this manner. That the Tani in general once rose to—l° (near 30°), and in most 
r trees of a opar plantation near | are not burst t byt the freezing | of the sap has b maxima not above —2° (174°), and by ni; 
i y Göppert, that ie ean 23°), all in 
E 1 
of 4 or 5 metres on the Sa waT side, fı 
y be surprised at the ignorance which would still 
were 
fell as low as —13° (+ 
still | trees, if occasioned by the congelation of accumula‘ 
4 asap is Mig 
clefts are always in PEEN some injury, a and 
these i 
| fluous. But that i in frost splitting the expansion of th 
4 3 
ee f, 
ing that period. But duri 
E PPAS 
PER 
Or 
+ 
with 
injuries are e pa of the points of the 
ther hay 
ing € considerations. Teo 
hes its i hele at ee cell of its formation. 
pita B: density 
did burst they were not caused 
freezing of hoy dià ars akir i eae 
alone 
oceur in directions the most varied Mead istinetion, According to the runner on the (To be continued.) 
situations close to each other, an on the same | of ice at differen degrees of temperature (Poggen- ——— 
. Probably the rg clefts of which Gandichaud ae miner 1848, No. 64, p. 113), the specifie weight ABLE PATHOLOGY.—No. CX. 
eaks turned in one direction e > cent. is 0.91812 , that of water at 0° a ps Likscsicteitended by these 
injucies ty ee aan d with, which Gaudichaud (2° ? Fahr) being taken as the unity. The ice has thus | 497. Asanes or SORI kope havo bee 
id not re > in that di ; for i 2 
the boughs of er ao h have ve been pred g of par miny ferat she ares nsiderably, more than that ‘of | used by Meyen, Léveillé epii rom kappe 
pn that side only, as any other body, even of zine. Brunner > umi by the | lar condition of the tissues ho the affection k 
these were all ay determination of the specific weight of ice at different condition is at all identical id. There page 
deduces the clefts in the abovemen- | 4 ho 
t by night and thaw by day. I myself had formerly 
ed that is be inguired whether a thaw 
might not produce such a contraction of the outer 
layers of a frozen tree, that Fae > proportonaliy 
vol sees of the still frozen eae might 
burst,” (Bot. Zeit. . 1854, p- 702.) Ican 
cause 
now pei ie e a ry in 
nothing to do with the hr mai al the 
parte 
fne A as I have mentioned fits on a coming 
on of a thaw. 
4. Göppert puts forth the conjecture that frost clefts 
con ining water, 
Pett 
be partially uced by ae fee af a 
Sia as ence oe Woah d consequen: 
S Aoa ia cover in wis 
it 
tly | 
of the branches I could attribute to th eke these 
Withont fear of error we may, therefore, 
frag Cong tyra the watery juice of trees, even though 
Se 
yr ne of ice E e pE pera tories om was ‘ a of fluid ; but from j 
is already T5 or arbor dai— 20° cent. it is 0-92025, A | external there'ts = pana — 
similar tho not the result was prs the cell s spao; ohi tena é 
by Struve M de Pend, de St. Petersburg, he attendant stagnation EE -e 
1845, tom. 4, p. 170), who by another Aa e ini masan 
that is, by the direct ee oR of a cylinder of | consequence ee 
more than eet long on the Ne x different perf a Which is: more A E a o 
of frost, found ee pe eet of ice x iad 
for 80 was 0-00530, consequently for one ; 
diia centigrade "00000520. = te Odes ore clear.| 438. iaie aaa CE ne be : 
that when a bottle or pipe, o r cl yessel the fact plants drowned ectually ee 
There conditions of the atmo- 
© Prom ave, Gevegh, and engl eS 
