for collapse that occur when the | which ‘ practical men’ prono! uuced ndign judgment upon guano, į less with the object of stringing upon t! ‘a dry chronos- 
causes were by rege with the. int Tease! hp feiss with the hundred ‘ artificials’ thats he nim up after it, as being a | ffacts. ‘The use of yrs e past does nog 
brought under crop; yet it does not appear that ee) bale the | mere ‘stimulant,’ forcing a single crop by some of magic, and | 3.9: i l f ual oce ces, little bei 
point that drew chief yiio rac a remedial measures pro- | then leaving the ground no richer poid before? The very objec- | cu 3 tese tter 
posed, the tendency of which was r adverse than fa kea urable | tion was a challenge, which cried out for an answer as plainly | oe. our pu spree ose than ack or an obituary. The 
to the laying down of land to its pins a pasture. a s matter could appeal to mind for explanation. The manure | reyiew that gives eck I ife aaa gre to bygone events 
time—viz. 1820—the whole scene changes, and the as come, “and the man ” was needed to answer that challenge; t their anal sis ; h and, following that vei 
most g period commenced that the business of heaihary wha the man was found in the distinguished Professor of Giessen, consists in ei J an f 
has ever known in this country; the causes of which are | whose publications, if they did not initiate, at least drew atten- thought, the causes sTl ongi 
now more clearly apparent. Three million of fresh acres, not of | tion to, the important and new-sounding fact that the bulk of a | at d (1840), suggest to mind the tw 
the best quality, as the land last brought into cultivation in an plant being not derived from the soil, the bulkiaess of a manure } EA İtural im mprovement nati 
old-i ted country rarely is, and a circulation suddenly con- | had little to do with its value. Let ns give the honour due to Siua elf — ihe“ Ohemieal z 
tracted to a metallic currency, produced a condition which no | our first gteat teacher, Liebig; thongh it still remained for us | rall y divides itse a and 
Sno m9 ae was ven any saat te remedy because | to learn lesson from a quarter nearer home. But this | the Att l. And I oat ‘that when I see the 
competition „in fact, at home, in tl nereased acreage, pies A arding ‘artificial’ manures, that they were ‘mere ‘chemical manures, 
held at greatly advanced rents. Nothing but the steady increase stimulants,’ gN ice not in husbandry only, bat in phy- } psy to whiee the mo bese die light Tart re z 
of ion, and the still more rapid increase of trade and pitied The analogy which 9 pilata assumed, from animal | call them, has been carried upon g 3 p = 
could have sustained cultivation at the point it had ex- | to vegetable life, was false. Yo ‘stimulate’ the growth | bandry soils—upon those vast Norfolk plains, for in- 
tended to, nor was this done without considerable reduction of | of a vegetable except by s ales» vg it t with its uatural food ; and roe hie ka names of aaa an 
rents, though to nothing like what they had been before the war. whether that be conveyed to it condensed into half a bushel, or | . bring to min ere the 
The best expression of this is seen in the strikingly reduced | disseminated throm; gh the mass of a cari Sio atts the elements it | 1g ike 
inclosure of the next 10 years (from 1820 to 1830), which reached | feeds on are identical in either case, and the growth and sub- | merchant is 3 EA largest landlord, among’ gst the rhe) da 
only 340,380 acres, little more than a fifth of the previous rates, | stance produced are the same. It has pleased Creative W: jido | the hea rent his ‘little bill, >I cannot help Rec 
During this third decennary period, the advance of the popula- | to adapt certain herbs and minerals to the faculty of pro oduc: Pien divisions I Se named, with t 
tion by 2,161,495 was gradually brivging d the natnral | upon the braiu and nervous apparatus of animal life sudden cot yin è 1 t se at 
remedy to the farmer for those overd of inclosure which the | temporary exaltations of power and feeling, to meet the su udden | Classes of soils whi ch form amos ne ee 
war had prescribed; but the reduction of the average price of | emergencies to which animal life is subject from without; and | | agricultural p ntry hose history. 
Wheat from 78s. 4d. to 58s. accompanied by no increase of | these exaltations are followed by an equivalent depression. But and experiences are so widely at orate the e Light 
importation, shows an advanced acreable patens saga al a strong: no such ran and consequently no such capacity, exists in i a ja 
home competition; the rent of land gradually rising to nearly its | vegetable life. Light is, in fact, in their case, the only thing to | 8015 an the C 
bag “oad which the term ‘stimulant’ can fo t of a truer expression, | Tt must be obvious to any one who considers the nature of our 
can for want of a x 
next decenn ary period, from 1830 to to Ons hows, in spite of | Ba cant jg E aeeai promotes their growth is their specific Climate, that the treatment of the heavier and more tenacious, 
the facilities afforded by the Geral nelosure Act of 1835, a | food; and the more readily and completely a manure yields itself soils presents by far the greater difficulty, and one that would be 
still reduced and almost trifling addition to the. cultivated soil wholly up to the crop it is applied to, the more effectually it obeys the latest surmounted in the natural progress of labour or inven- 
ee te only 236,070 acres, less than a sixth of those first | the farmer's purpose, by the quick return of his capital, and the | tion, But the mechanical disadvantage vA teren ot by the clays is 
named. Still, though there adr pated more mouths to feed, production{ofan ample supply of manure for the coming year, from not the only one, nor the worst. Few men pre a difficult, task 
and the importation, though increased, was not pia the average | the consumption of the crop that has been obtained. Mr. Lawes to an easy one. Few men, under a weeping oe prefer a soil 
again fell to 57s. the quarter, ‘atactoathe : eos further | put this trath into few and striking words, when addressing the | Which is for ever turning rain into a foe, to one upon where it is. 
acreable produce against the adv: ne mbers. | party assembled last year at the presentation of his testimonial not only a friend, but an ever welcome one. Few men prefer æ 
The summary of the nwole four decades, the ate m the be ire aborator) is e obse: hat farm: il upon w’ i : 
of the century to the year ear 1840, D, exhibita om ti 1 Stage one hand an yard manure possesses an advantage over artificial manures in its | “* beast with golden feet,” as the Sheep in th > Korean 
if milli x : A À : H 
ra! S th s = i acy. ‘ i verb, gets r e ties screwed into the 
the cultivated land, against an raahasin of nearly six million to ae manare are (in a commercial sense) not an advantage; ground, like the table of a ship’s cabin. The co Padela Sie that 
the population of Great Bilian; saae the effect of the foreign for it is getting back your money by instalments instead of We realise upon the clays a sort of travesty of the Sagi: of the 
eee men did not amount to so much on tha average as getting it ra at once. A great deal of your capital is placed in ld poet, who says that “ Love alights with ease wealthy 
consumption in the. ae calculated over the whole — ee it lies dormant for a A time; but science can Places.” We find, conversely, as it were, that “ Wealth alights 
— at evil by enabling you to pu ut the right manure in the With love on easy places”—in other words, that every farmer 
it may be remembered t at the time when the righ pus who has capital enough to manage a clay farm = se She way, 
question of the free bared that Br fire dri Was: th! I have ventured into this pote oath Sr, with the view of goes travelling about in search of “a sheep an w p farm, 
age a Jor reign showing gohan a ee coll atera! tary upon the intro- 1n the track of capital follows, E fear, the main average of intel. 
agitation, it was a common prediction that i t would — a guano were aod translated “works of such a writer ligence and skill, settling like the Monks of old. upon the 
who, es hii ti e stru; i 
na x rok ae 4 D 
ce at the close of that and He to that eco: in the special parton of them to that the quantity of rain which falls in the west of England is 
as m to e ti e in th at ve rme 
1 
p 4 red, ng- i a los i neoun i Stiffer 
class of soils, But it is cally evident, from the like an unkno nt ton; niar to the Enri The very adver- | laud, more rain, a shorter working year, less capital, with its 
figures, that from 1820 to 1840 0 not on! only was RE PE tisements of such traders, puffing and exaggerated as they may too frequent concomitant, less skill and pg noes present 
: i rray isad i e heavy ; 
le, taki ive revi neem 
the A gg on a icultw m ac s of ady 
contrary, we were beginning to present the opposite incidentally assert scientific facts, and involve a sort of rough this the one reply has been, Drainage. But if the 
of a population overtaking the resource of introduction to the meaning and use of chemical terms for those statike are opip noe true, whieh we heard read in this room 
inclosure, and compelled to have miti who would, probably, obtain itin no oi og miae: — | not m: weeks , the advanced oo ge Gin this art hag 
for 3 ` recou! to some There is nothing more remarkable ti the rapidity with padly pet Med the e prai ractice, and what has been done is- little: 
other means increasing the uce of the soil. which the smallest morsel of practical firm ae scientific Compared with wer remains “to A aes “What are ‘two her three 
t snapped u tl ng 
ld one h 
ing aspect the Times advertisements were the best light reading he k clay soil att w u 
w , pas rib as well as attest in Grea t] Britain, now 
r the purpose a our present inquiry. It is qute for amusement and instruction at short notia Iof ten think of drained or badly drained, and the draining of which would pay 
obvious that until this pressure arrives, until the tide of his remark when I see the eae doses of chemis A adminis. | 10 percent. and 20 per cent. upon the outlay? What can be the 
has so risen as to t ying tered to aain hus! Lael in ed ekly advertisement pages of C?USe that—in a country which has sunk nearly its three hun- 
e pi A pe! icals. The edison re ‘ible to a 
bere of R nevi brings under the plough, the mere ear, that farming has undergone from this SE strik, me, the | their Siper cent. re the ontlay—stints and diverts the free 
practice is not likely to offer much change, or truth, asa ‘great fact,’ so gradually grown up, that it is only by | flow of capital from a channel as safe, a certain of return as the 
to much intrinsic improvement. As long as Certain landmarks laid down by accident, or by some of those | arterial bloo d, to t the heart and inner sustenance CAA nation? 
SE _ Wo i den irresistibly ludicrous mistakes which the use of new terms brings | ‘That this is a matter Irae r serions ath of consideration 
4 th ng 
ps the mem eas 
fos acre No, 2, the same system change wrought in this particular. Whatalong-winded sentence During the seven years from 1840 to 1846 in jelusi ve, our imports: 
will 4 itè — reer le impl aste of it used to take, for instance, to paraphrase and explain the now | of Whea t haq advanced fi less than one million Sart p 
n word ammonia, i e th: sential 25° e previ per 
t 
. . . . m 
dairy and in the piggery, for the simple reason that the now be of thouyht if Mr. Paine, of Farnham, in rasting the | 2¢rly jive million quarters per annum, or more than half of a 
second aiee acre is open to precisely the same pro- e aN cor under the soil with the fertiliser tice named | Whole imports of foreign grain. Now, inasmuch as the Wheat 
as the | oxiating in Le be atuagpers al above it,—describing, in fact, the tigi only once in the four-course system of Light oe 
‘ossil dung whic “digs out of the bowels A Rat harml whilst upon the clays, whether managed upon the six-¢0 
But it has poi and is the characteristic of our pe earth,” and if its EE R live-stock, should narrowly a te | system or upon the older three-course shift, Re is grown upon ® 
to have witnessed in this country the comparative ex- 33 my friend Mr. Huxtable did some ten ears ago being | larger oddmark, approaching to the ratio of a third instead of a 
haustion ci h i looked to by the 
a ; / 
we have seen, during t e ela a 
since 1840, the it et oh that ga epimer how cross me before gnbiteation; with that now well-known mineral | iMProvement of the elay soils to their utmost extent iè 
the old furrow was he arena o of an in å superphosphate, the co prodita; thus brilliantly introduced to the pro; I should almost say the ony me left to me oe operat- 
+ crease rea world. Butto “iB g in ag nt de; to maintain the produc f£ Wheat 
produce, wh ie awn he third eleme: n proportion with our increasing at 
si rapelle ied, aaa vardily at ; nt rot "progress I named was the es ta-| The population of Great Britain a 
examine e retour ces by the light of its principles. ini 
sns in 1% 
t, combining both th the’ in i rc hal 
provement, combining both the stationary and portable | Ye3T, the rts of Wheat had averaged four-and-ah! 
No doubt this conditi a may have e befallen other character, the Royal Agricultural Society. p | miltion pai aens thus giving about eleven weeks’ consumption 
eas e ether and in Tuscany, qf n were asked to name, in aber what I regarded as the | portati ig i But, it 
to name any other, something of the same phenomena greatest achievement of that mpo) ortant body, I peee say “that, Mar ated pars cc rit ae (aca eh atari rted 
in the exhaustion of territorial resource may have been | n e Aladdin s lamp, it has summoned up a new race of powerful | corn frasi e = ee by Paget sen na i wvdditional labour 
; but ne. moans a in any country | dah and set them pene ie for the farmer. If Pat one | at home, the wages of which will still be mainly spent in the 
nite 7s resh supplies o! whilst, 
ti 
in pointof capital, te in 1839, at ri is so far cumul yi 
inventive A apaa aca apy eno skill ; ; and there never Where the entries were twenty-two, with that which took place | himself of it by zig ats it with k i 
perhaps has been a more remarka! ble exemplification in 1852, at Gloucester, where they amounted to no less than to | the soil at the same net Ye have h lively challenge tè 
of the nome igen aore are eea é Akko | thousand and thirty-two! What would have been thought only | the improvement of th Wheat nai fir t, and some 
Lois rin ts that s One again: totor tera years sgo si m facts disclosed in letters received | new mechanical aid iot yet aivolged, are the only Toon Loe 
another ’"— seemed | last year from several of the great firms of English agri | akis 
spring up prens ee our hust 3 q| machine makers, whose engines we were able, ke late od es gd palin ane in RPE 
to speak, itself aware of. | ha ibiti being i It woul d be, beyond all os chet interesting, ipa? 
ing popu- 
I allude to four distinct ele ments of new resow engines ® year to different parts of the i on an ous) e had any 
ko pata ost simultaneously, | "pearance of one of their manufacture amongst the prize ously -increas ok 
about the y year 1840, and w 5 - engines in = French Exhibition would operate unfavonrably to | pe ebie Cur ei sof Pai rtaining the statisties Romie 
presently appear: z wil stat in ea order :—First, the | we: in ‘And these, be it noticed, | Nereased home pro mad ; but for this inv 
— | were the “unsuccessful candidates, ” the less b is 
een ‘of t of guano ; secondly, the publi- | guished among the decorated throng of prize one be tr Sete jatii h jen spect we are without the shadow of progress 
act speaks volumes. 
sed impo orts, 
ERA wee kiy n eturns of corn sold, which reg ulate 
> ges, are too imperfect and manifest A NWIA y 
— rthly, the introduction se an po. ale hich T have done ever since, and now beg to even worth alluding to; and beyond ene we have irl 
system of dng ve men “highly commended.” sid bea’ approaching to a guide ‘a go by; all we can do th 
l at our improved implements of husbandry, , 
erhaps draw rapid m ental cqnelusions on the | z The fo fourth esses t I named was Drainage. “To this E immensely onea sale, Tndicated by an annual sehen 
housand, 
ritas a 
hearers w 
parative cake value of ibang. fa r fa: N 
mbt guano is aready friend, and a mers’ trends. No 
> quick teacher. Butwhois| I refer to these 
t remember the almost universal ertor “ae four prominent agencies, Presenting | to i 
Ee ant prec to liehe existing in men’s minds as firmly rooted themselves to our review, as cotemporaries, not in the corded: resilta, This would rA practical and complete 
SE sanana? Who raag the food of plants and the nature | tone of an exclusive citation of particular oe for the But instead of this, we are in the n of a manufac, 
Tecal the shakes of the head with | causes co-opera’ ting wi with them have been ma ny, auek | ter = shows you the quantity of fresh ear ene 
he new inventions he has made or purchased, t 
