ae 164 a An ae sh ktea 
eee SSS SS 
7 P ha d thus stored a Bo 
avocations of a to the promotion of the | to wash ont from them the most useful fertilising constituents. , directs that min us to his 
pei =. e wee Boi has. practically Let us now beyond nto the best means of improving clay soils. | we are sure that he will I benefit me a by as cater ork, 
err tesa ak ah Draining not only takes away the excess of water, but brings other man. Colma: [For this iati as 
earned, and freshly dignified, a name associate: old | into the soil phe quantities es of aitmouplntle air, whieh, plying its | any quotation i 
with the Th d lty of England—the name of | influence on the constituents of clay soil, an gle renders = whe indebted to the columns of the Journal of the 
a British F; RTE soluble; hence draining not only removes an exi od oF k gricultural Training Institution. ] 
= but brings likewise into the spre grein air, and with d E 
organic fertilizing constituents. e advantages of deep plough- 5 
the if one l of foal pums and Lawes’ ing, a second mode of Jeapey ine clay am, become more and Calendar of of Operations. 
Ransome, an: more apparent from year rece w] a ye bg to Pyar 
bis Royal Highnessthe. Prestpent said, “i yen I am only with a soil resting di h p rile barre n subsoil a yo bat aay me ; TURA res M BS! ARCH. 
Moy of burying a pega sighs soi w ich only 2 est Sussex, Marc have now got past that 
carrying reba J eatin wishes i he papos ng, te onia pamai of ps will again come into good cultivation. The | the season in which the cares for the ‘water ic not Pr id 
ure of the subsoil then must determine whether it is advan- | so much, afd now every day is of importance to get in Oats an 
uable paper which he has = has given pov at once to plough very deep, or more tenhs Barley. Peas have been got in and in the best of order, and the 
us a very accura te and succinct des ‘story of the progress prana ually to improve the condition of land.by going a little | land is now in fiue order for sowing the other spring Corn, And 
of leulture eeper and bringing up the subsoil every year or two; | if we are not careful to work it closely after the plough, it will 
pe it may be advantageous not to bring up the subsoil at all. | get hard, as it was very wet during January. he Wheat looks 
matic style which is familiar every 0 who has read | You have heard of Mr. Smith’s system of growing corn yearafter extremely well, there are yet no signs of those failures that we 
his amusing a le little cork, ‘te 3 Chronicles of | year; Mr. Smith (I mean ot Lois-Weedon) grows corn year after | hear of in other parts of the country, The young Clovers look 
a Clay Farm.’ He has rested. and am mused | Year, by leaving between the rows space sufficiently large for him | well and now are in good order for rolling—neither dry no wet, 
y A ly in to work between them, aaa Dri m means he succeeds in bringing | The Turnips have not stood the winter well, we have seen them 
pty ey hour, Lela has petys i i the soil between the ro tate ara fertility ara we Hpi very much rotte D nae poor especially on flinty land, and 
ta t eater nes aa - | year enable him to grow T ance ror of corn on t on | here I may remark that they suffered most last autumn on 
ance than enotiae. 7 it is that the future ama of agri which the crop of the preceding year te ‘been grown y me land. Isit ause the land in getting hard brings = 
po ea wil miai h de ry constantly working the land in this P Smi suc- | stones so close as to injure the bulb? Th is no doubt 
my n ceeded in growing for a succession of years abundant crops. I | that soil, as well as the sort of Swedes, has a goo lto 
union and th earty c o-operation of science, art, manu- | do not doubt for a moment that in many localities his plan may | do with their keeping good through the winter, and I rather 
factures, and commerce, and that the primary condition | be carried out with very great advantage, but at the same time ` think as a rule that the roughest and most unshapely roots stand 
of a successhi for = a will be the | I would observe that not all soils—not even all clay soils—are in best—at least this season it has been so. Mangels will now be 
obtaining of Potala ony wis omple ete agri Heultural a soante to Caang the farmer to fou) w out this pial w found paata, ad they m como pa ve n ste ae d d seeds; 
regs y b success, en v r] d as it is all ont of the way of the plough no delay is caused i 
statistics. And here I hope I ee not trespassing in | plenty of d felspar, ty of insoluble li plenty wing ere t A Jm an 
asking you tlemen, and every one of you, in his | of phosphoric acid in the soil, the working of the land will bring most wanted, even through the summer. Every year proves 
icul o A A r a RA obtaining those fertilising constituents which naturally are present in an their importance more ani d more, and one advantage of them is 
+ a tati Sy hich ch. wanted, and which bed limi state into a condition be wena he y kresa te peers resi that they ro be sown earlier than is judicious to sow Swedes, 
statis: w are so muc y the growing plant; but in land which does mtain these thereby dividing the work more equally over the season. e 
Government is now i to collect. "l merely repeat metrini, it is not hat to, follow out such a e plan; ; san this piain i for tala crop will be our first care after Barley is wale 
accounts for the fa ets that whilst homed Lo gall ib ave followe aes lled. Our markets for lean sheep are much lower than 
our thanks to Mr. Hos kyns s for his interesting paper.” Mr. Smith’s plan with advan and highly in its las doa “down couples” are 10s. to 12s. lower than they were 
favour, others i it an teratoma, and a A system. | then; bar lean petite ate still at a high price, such as to leave 
Many clay soils, I believe, will enable the farmer to grow corn | Tittle to the fatte: the common system of laying a heavy 
F rich ? Clu ik for a succession of years, but this is to be said, regarding Mr. | charge on the anne ia to be adopted, where auy attempt is made 
Taunton: On Clay Soils.—Professor Voelcker, of pues ayten, thet yon hiva not always men sufficient at hand | | to keep accounts, which is seldom done. G. S. 
to work the land, and therefore you cannot practically carry out | 
the Agricultural College, of Cirencester, at the request that system. Nothing, I batters. improves ‘ae soils so much as | Notices Gormanenae mtx. 
of the Council of th sone ages and West of apapa ae the yates of burning and paring. Many of you have heard of | Bicaholier Olan MGR: i axa heatahion yor may ow 
cultural eran cture on this subject, of | Mr. Randall, who has been to a very great expense in testing this OA 
which we get the flowing abridgment Madi "ie system in regard to clay soils, and the effects produced have been cor haw seeds peds when the Blane îs fally ha and Ae ot piy 
8 really remarkable. In burning, clay undergoes remarkable A Ken! Giles >i ee ne DR esars. Rendle’s 
r= changes—potash becomes soluble, and all those fertilising con- | rm Direc! a the pany te — troublesome ohh Tussi i A 
“ The subject of my present lecture has been selected be cause, stituents are rendered soluble which plants require; or, to speak | Fen pe ental riage Tbe = gje may not, = ats ee out of 
in the first pan toes, clay soils ere le in thi ie neighbourh in a somewhat sweeping way I would observe that burning pro- | p i “ee ae y er the arte goed 
y, because no soils repay better the outlay for Judicious duces exactly those changes in clay soils which fallow produces; ' ast Wei the e is as ane 
ments; and thirdly, be there is hardly a subject | and this, there can be no doubt, is a very great advantage, | m Ea Titto bl erra th Ge eae ite A ae 
which illustrates in so many different ways the eaii of | for if, instead of waiting from year to year or even six or eight c feia ET H s EUNN igr ae. pA ry sias Aea Si pe h nit 
theoretical c] abe taotlen, anton The very formation | Months, you can at once realise the benefit of this Benen of im- | pir Aieri be added toa a of wae Santat } ified 00 ate 
of clay volla ts depending on chemical action, for the chemical | Proving clay solls, the advantages are apparent Liming. is pile tpeapyercieg ie yo. This la a vere feel Gee 
influence of the atmospheric oxygen and carbonic acid upon | another mode of improvement. Many clay soils are deficient i in | Weed 7 Bied a he Aie errin “Ei Meats ts Ps 
various mineral matters contributes principally to the formation | lime, and consequently are improved by the application of that | pe a tke pig vg ri E ture of opt z wayne agri merit pi i 
of clay soils. Clay soils are formed during the decomposition of substance ; however, as clay soils differ much in composition, it | rm perta gue medies, V pkgs es. wod 8 
granite and other rocks, which the geologist calls volcanic. In | Must not be taken as a Anicdront rule that all clay soils are im- | F aro P {aps aei 2 writing in a Seo id 
granite we find three minerals, quartz, mica, and felspar. Felspar | Proved by liming. Drop a few Rea 8 of spirita ol of salts on a soil, | it og as laa pe Teabie i Fubra = the Polat, nee 
is a combination of silica, i. e., sand with alumina and potash. On | and if it mar pera a gia anted; but if, on the rary, it oe ki hs BS ea to plant, espe neta do agi r, and 
r the carbonic acid of the Paepae acts upon | Produces no effer a deficiency of lime, pe such | mk ve i ee Bes AER of alargo ai i. peel a 
this felspar, and gradually separates it into silicate of alumina son shh all probability be: Donefned by its application. Another ais were Saag fhe ane > piai acm barea though 
and silicate of potash. Silicate of alumina is China clay; it is | improvement o sheer soils is, the app! byns ifical manures ap a f oan go 4 aa ibe hither Natale ect 
insoluble. Silicate of potash is soluble, It is washed away and It you eee not home-made manure in cient quantities to) ŝa rt 9 ae tabs sty re : den -n his Gii : 
further decomposed into soluble silicea and carbonate of h. | enable you to give a fair dressing to all nie fields, ave growtl bi las pokes Lach saek nk rha jo of thavenall 
This explains why clay soils that are naturally deficient in sand farm light and heavy soils—if you have sandy and clay | a aasa st OA a wp. Bariai 
notwithstanding, Wheat with strong straw. Al l—it is decidedly more advantageous to apply home manure to Monn F ag t ee he Al ris z ta = a ue Je piit 
kinds of clay cate: more s and consist | S&ndy soils, and to apply to heavy clay soils (provided it isin a | on Dench, set (even iha sma! sen pe =a >) nes È 3 tiful 
principally of silicate of alumina or a combination of silica with | fit state of cultivation) a speci ificial manure: the conse-| failed. The a à Paii tbe w halal 
alumina. Agricultural clays are neipally from the | quence will appear at once. Sandy soils contain, as a principal Lalas) pet ibe an Ate issn startle unf vou 
decomposition of granite, or felspathic pale ate tke ithe olay being constituent, silex—some as much as 96 per cent, and compara- pae Niay tele a i fone had -or Eott ireois nist 
Wallet Ehf and transported irom one loca tively small quantities of other fertilising constituents. Now,| Situation, 1 hey had been mi rod roa h e th 
becomes intermixed er constituents, es staan frie farm-yard manure may be called a universal manure, containing | 7° saps th ll ro mee WiN somn poke ee 5 the produe 
_ constituents are the sential onan of the fertility we observe in | ®ll the elements of nutrition which plants require, a ph see ch Arte simiy a tobe not per -i for 
Sees i clays. ol foreign matters in agricultural quently it produces, in the goil naturally deficient in these | sate paira bei fig omen 
contain potash, soda, manganese, phosphoric acid, and | elemen’ er and more beneficial effec! an soils in| 
by ck others, which I wilt not mention. nF Diesen ‘All these | Which we have not this deficiency. For instance, ammonia is | Gonsk: FP bahoa ibiak it Eis ikel ely fence p berre 
constituents we find again w! e burn any vegetable | One specific manure for corn crops; nitrate of soda is another | Soraa ra p ca bea arp cand one answer! m 
produce raised for food of man or ng ing and as these con- | Manure which may be used with very great vantage on clay x estions si ssed to him will pis 
Stituents are al found in the ashes of plants we are | 8°ils—guanol ought to mention as one of the most useful fertilisers. bhado ifi ordinary 
entitled to conclude that they are necessary for the existence | Now guano and nitrate of soda contain much nitrogen, which | Guano: Sh the heats oreT ene Nr ee 0 Ibs. of 
and perfection of the plant; indeed, it may be laid down as exercises a specific action, highly beneficial to our Wheat crops. | ee barri S e bss ode ats tort z ieira in 20 the 
pal rule that those manuring constituents which form the | The application of guano, however, in sandy soils, is not the | Peder pe hg ey frit ecm h i reas oeni kengi: gay 
reign admixture in all agricultural clays are absolutely neces- | best. Guano is not a perfect manure, because in sandy soils ' hedges wh ap Sale J THW bt so peia p- Song 
sary, for the plants which we cultivate canngt come to perfection | there is a deficiency of phosphoric acid, and this deficiency is eg Hoste Seam ron bri. pripagi iry a bz contact 
without them. But often they are cdntained in such a combina- supplied in sufficient quantities | By the Phosphoric acid contains It has two e I = sa ae shoe ah ee eles of soil in tact 
tion in the soil as to be comparatively useless at the time, and | În guano. But by the application of guano to clay soils we can wo E S A tn by a Sa e sr nii 
the question is how to get at them. Into the composition of sandy al additional corn crops. There is another instance, showin jaegari ae feck: a poke aot Lee ppp etl so TIT 
soils but a very small amount of those substances enter that are | how a knowledge of clay soils will enable us to make the best of a a atorernom for l A ene aaas boratory is wae 
food pla Clay soils contain insoluble silicates and u artificial manures. We find that in the cultivation of root crops | their poe a Pl aid eid th util oe ibd 7 PN 
decomposed materials, from which the clay is formed. These | Specific manures are required. A specifie manure for root crops | Peins EEVI PAA WRA ds AISLE Gas Reo a 
rnish, on gradual decomposition , potash, one of the | 18 superphosphate of lime—bones in a soluble form. Super- ee aea h arth dia lm aden chopra oor 
one fering constituents. By working the land, fresh quan. | Phosphate of lime produces most beneficial effects on clay soils— | fO harrow it across ere heving frai ee See 
tities of undecomposed granite are brought under the influence | in fact, much greater than it is observed to produce on sandy | riB mgg" A oes fi menie a Kidar ki ket dis 
of the a peti and the felspar contained in it is gradually soils; indeed, I have heard of some sandy soils in which it did | presser. Whea ai see lt ls ee feeding when the aud 
posed and furnishes soluble potash. This benefit is not re a ry se alt. T a Hot weoter At Gla, for if you | when the Wheat is proud” by ‘te feeding wbiab 16 thus 
by stirring a sandy soil. However muah v we may stir apply a manu ich contains Principally y phosphate and lime, | when the Wheat is “proud” by, the feeding which i 
sandy soil, we cannot eliminate such a result from it, ome | or only tw o. fer ertilisiag constitu 1 deficient in most |, Tcceives. Lor lea, respondent, 
there is not potash present in any cocata tis Santy but in fertiising conatituente it eano: pr a eila ea Seter effect. | Bog Matas n Gi Pte vets ite of the 
many clay soils the supply of potash, one of the seful fer- | Eut in clay so _ mesi is very little chance of superphosphate not | y > owed i eats Mf ore: states “that ‘the ‘ire ection neatly 
tillaing substances, is almost inexhaustible. All’ clay sois | acting; and itis to a very great extent wasting god matomai t | E amigas Ist of May in England wi a walton 
possess in a remarkable degree the power of absorbing pie grow root crops on good clay soil with too abundant a supply of} ong ear es wads iddar e erer oh thermal 
and fertilising gases from the atmosphere. They poss home-made manure. What is wanted for Turnip crops is super- | eae tair sigan interesting information on toate be 
in a high degree the power of absorbing carbonic acid ees phosphate of lime or bone-dust. Well-rotted manure contains | relie for the different "months: . Bas sey cami. siogo which 
and ammonia—two constituents which furnish the materials | & large amount of iacal salts, the specific function of which | hs ka re pekna as Dove has made use of many obse rads mae Se are 
with which ‘the Pann build its organic structure, This ad prs Mi by using, therefore, too heavy a dose ll- | Sakina, E A oo eye Tc to lap 
power of absorption is nt in a at extent on the | TO ung on clay soils you are apt to produce an abundant crop | E y 
Surface of the soil which is exposed to the ar of the atmo- | Of tops, but, comparatively speaking, fos bulbs; thence the | et iien ret thre ee: oh ee h etA 
. The mofe we plough the glebe, the more readily we t advantage of using a specific manure which supplies just | T Pra hak hi bts be words EN b e editor fei t e sender 
give access of the atmosphere to the soil; the more the soil is | that constituent which is deficient in a clay soil. It is tfue there fake had been erased, leading us se that tr Paper. 
| shed the greater is the absorbing s e, and the more | i8 phosphoric acid in Sopa Me y soils, sufficient to supply the We poe Ler raga at dope le lage contribution beet h to 
the result; and this teaches us at once the great ad- | CTops of Wheat with the necessary amount; but in the case of| Wve, #44, the correction which you have been kind 5 to recon 
poor pa of stirring clay soils when there is, an n opportunity. In | Turnip eup an important poin should be bornein mind. If you| elicit. Mr. Prideaux states:—“ It is still my practice to recat 
ns, I am aware you do har soils by working | look to the organism of a Turnip and the organism of Wheat, eT eee gO dant lth need Pilchard palt bape a 
‘oases batten ais acquainted the, Pas feet that all do not | there will be observed a remarkable difference; for Wheat sid aw ere b i s), as tending to improve the qus b 
take the ad of the most favourable seasons for working | spreads out its fibrous roots to the extent of several feet in search a procie piy ot increase them in q lt 
an ee possible, especially before the setting in of | of food; but the Turnip is confined for its nourishment to a small | SE ee eee mse 
, > many cases it also does, as you are We 
F ; + itrate 
frost, which in a purely mechanical way, by the expansion of | SPace; consequently if we place phosphate close tothe bulb of the| 2" Te Guana I would seldom use without either salt or tie 
f i i lieving 
ice which is formed, contributes towards the pulverising of pve it will produce great ion while the same constituent pro- OF aoda Ualbeate bf jotass ie if the price e ing ban for- 
and effects the chemical decomposition of the: snb- | duces no effect on the corn c Sent oi, Phan ‘vale rer ws wreuabe atreseent 
perma <= - aad ir apace Forti ii ebrar d disease.” This is in correction M4 the paper on Salt published 
fran the AAOH Y the. property o ee OS A Miscellaneous a few weeks ago, in which the writer did not intend to recom- 
also the power of Aiea, Aaah a ul pod evs | Book Farming. On _the „general subj f b cue the employment « of ote erage ne E 
J i j salts, — subje o yr 
m mag pee to our cultivated ete. If yon take a | fi world kn aot vel a fe, so much as Vana Se eE 
ution of a salt of ammonia, or take a solution of Soluble salt ; S one has 
of potash, and throw it on a clay soil, you will find the latter schism ¢ among farmers. The old conservative farmers A ee num x3 wate seeds cml & me peAa agricul: 
eo rise be ammonia and potash of the soluble salt; or The young a e farmers do. | tural plants, to receive information on the point. There is many 
E ESIa Bn and pour it over a clay soil, you will find | Now we are on both s PTEE we are r bo ok farming, and | a young student of agriculture who might contribute information 
Bees fertilising comets eee Stasis siamese tie P against ne iii m i of this kind. He may be assured that it will be better for kar 
retained tl ” F: erty, “ff A PF Pi $ 1 ex, a 
= explains many facts with which all practical farmers | POOK to the soil, instead of his ow > we are su naig beea searching Poy ear Bhi pad in books. g 
eee We know, for instance, that sandy soils are | that his fa ill be poor enough. But if books and | swepisu Turwies - We would not sow till the first week i 
frequently deseribed as hungry soils, merel ceivil zi ipod apers are d on the f: r’s d ive it habi J E 
out yielding much, because the manuring substan pee bis Sow E naa ry itty = ee Une sae ai TED 8 = He : OW D. to have discussed 
reas out by showers of rain, and the most cane hp ART. of reflection and ertain * 3 to possess it with the sr ponies pond peices Ss “Te shall be made the subject of 
are It is not so with clay soils. It is impossible | elements of Nature with which he deals, and if then he | 4 jeadin ng article in our next number 
