Marcu 15, 1856.] THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 173 
Slloged-csnee, in bo Tei aerie ie derived from the Uoto one of a ree 
alleged cause, in derived tre 8, one of why igis has as yet investigated at | health may, EAR in very aggravated cases, be res mm 4 
congelation of the has Sade abit refuted. Bak. a [all Sa the o ery u aar ci Aa mg to which I an n Grape-hous: es there i is n 
distinguished gardener, Gng J. Reinecke, is also of ki therefore invite attention. The; i ief than i 
— that trees in soil, which are otherwise arches the temperature o of To | soil in which the anA are gents As the leav 
quite healthy, are ro expecially Tabie Dama splitting. He | wi determine its daily and annual periods in connection branches are subjected to a high temperature, 
has sent me the following communication :— the daily and annual periods of the t: have an active in iaaah of fluids, and a 
“Observations on the si ing "of fruit trees Epei the. air and of the eart th for trees of every diameter, | considerable waste by perspiration and evaporation, 
during the continuous sev rosts of 1822 the temperature of the roots | is conformable 
1929:30, a day (6 a., 2 and 10 r.x.), and hourly during a fresh fluid 
g my engagement in the above years in the | — in each montb, especially during the Pe winter | constancy, and matters c: cannot go hag very prospe rously. 
ERR tapu we aay gardens of Kniestedt, in te Suden- | seaso The branches will throw o , the leaves become 
tt suburb of Magdeburg i t happened that in the| 2. cee arches on the changes i in ie bulk of wood, | pale and warty, and the peg wil shank, ripen im- 
month of January, 1823, as also in Decem ber and | especially when fresh a and sa sappy, in its three different | perfect] tly, or exhibit symptoms lecuy. ’ Whe e 
January, 1829-30, ” whilst wa Bayon was is well d hou 
from 18° to 249 Re eaumur ic 22° Fahr.), th The following are the woodcuts alluded to in the not be sufficiently high, it can ie raised by protection 
AE h y ne inches im thickness | | preceding * on = subject. by mulching or the application of 
wenn plit open in the evenings ae ights. I Pic. 5. fermenting manure, but where it is 
sheared it t chiefly on young sappy Cherry trees, which y saturated with wet, which can obtain 
were e wit! thout a defect. The bursting took place o n all Abe R à no A ing such applications are almost 
ffe JAC Fa useless, 
uch a t year from the flow of gum, became f hos Sh 451. The caged however, of languor 
sickly, ane gradually died. {| —}j-a7 or yp oe te ge y be the ‘barrenness 
“I must remark also, that the garden was laid o 4 S and dryness of the soil, separate or 
5 1816 on a very moist meadow land. Til the ye ar 1622 y combir his of course is not the 
‘aordinary case for the most part with T= 
that time some of the finest specimens began $ to Sicken, ficial soil. No one would fix upon a 
whi = aes brought me to the SEER that we ry barren as the site of an 
rong when we plant orchard wate: ib orchard ineyard. I eral the 
s ge here much more liable evia “a a dry ami to | 
split in severe winter, when the frost lasts at a oon | 
of from 18° to 24° Reaumur JuL. REINE | 
“ Berlin, Feb, 25, 1855.” 
to Mr. Reinecke’s „assumption that the trees in 
questi d, it may b 
lly the fact. The Horse Ches nati No. 29, | 
way, var 
ptoms appear, and sige el signs of 
> 
are too evident to mistake. 
by such case it will pouch a foun 
at there is a bed of eti mopronaie 
soi! ae whi ch the s have pene- 
shown to me as having b 
the injury with which the frost cleft was c ected 
showed itself to me at first sight. A knot, a ining “A 
defect in the bark is easily overlooked, and i d is yet pre- 
cisely thetre 
may have had à = öl nourished by the old roots which creep 
gardener a pierka reck k Aeru injury, and yet | along thesurface It frequently happens 
may cause frost oaan s bed is terminated 
32, mee see ‘That-t ose trees m may have been bled i ii y an impenetrable crust of indurated 
how: »| vel lomerate, so that 
in wet ki 
to frost ape eran s anaes owing to rich moisture 
and over luxuriance, the tissue of trees may be weak 
enough to burst in severe p even E Nom fh any local 
injury. his point is open for further inv estigation, but 
cs 
of trees in wet than in n dry situations, The trees on the e| 
Charlottenburg road which showed the most frost clefts | h « 
are the highest and dri part of it ; and in the | ni sie Irrigation Sy gril ag 
lower parts of the ark, which are very wet and in the | ployed, and the application 
year in question were already under water in Novem- | of manure well mixed with the super- 
ber, as for example, west of — William ills x | A Az ficial m is the mop a 
monument, I observed no frost | J 3 r amay — something may he 
The splitting of the stems of = of which I hav. see j pe 7 , MEE 
: | EJ ANAR ps WOODCUTS. substan d replacing it with better, 
korn treating, has mai been observed by me or by the | Fic. 1.—Oak Hei 3 of the Observations) with a frost cleft f under a knot a; but tees will pya all Se! ido 8 on figura 
er authors I y ve quoted in winter after ra severe ha gee of over-growth. 
frosts. Reum ble Ph 7 1835, p. 17 2) | ‘ wee era say 29) w doy frost cleft iv which h erasoes an injury i inthe per Eae ently thir mat bk 18 tly 
ark r, whence the decay had penetrated into the th of h h. unsuitable A eir 
wipe soo aa E A Mater a eam 
3 —s, in r iverges to > 
cat oo | ams nate hed: frost clot yz" ges PE aealige à e up the gr ee the elie 
m of a supposed section of the Limatree (No. 22) before it burst Of something w not require 
they sganmot be properly called fro frost ct ‘Ream sa mi | open in FP man rg 1855 ; a e, cavity of the old frost cleft; m, sh ool vee youn. wood; so great Soll of soil and to choose 
that split on to el | R, bark; x, place where it is overgrown. a new and better site for the fruit 
place after hot days in cool nights, sana of Wey-) Fic 6.—Diagram o f the same tree after it burst open in Feb roary 1855. £ HH’, as peat s 
mouth Pines re enn, ve Pan the later fat i | ine 5; fbg c, line of rupture of the bark ; ba, c d, line of rupture of the young trees, and if timber trees are in ques- 
seems to tributed 
A that-it ‘should rather be a e, d e, concave sides of the cavity. tion, the land should at once be 
rect edn 
ermometri: 
r Sior Un = produce oi i 4 
tunately I have never had occasion m yee to observe | __ VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.—No. CXII. | the expense of fencing. As regards fruit trees, it may 
any p As to the nt are a that | "7448. Laxevon (Deon —The disease indicated answer the cultivator’s to plant them even 
y 
y 
> 
2 
3 
)- purpose to. p. 
under this name by Ré and peran * is a sort of decre- | where the subsoil is bad, provided they Jast sufficient); 
pitude ar premature old ag which many trees are | long to oh a profitable return for the space the: 
ae Y itis not the natural decay page bid shen A begin to fail, ora as ha | mire is 
ascertain of age which in trees arises principally from the decom- pre soon as they strike into the e ir 
aem position of the art bat Sane sem w were cea of a ‘ge tissues byera gradually communi- ral they ree coe “te better. The question is 
The Agore of the transverse section o! aa Oak which ‘ates mpairs the younger growth, ee =l however, one of pare Ciloulition: M. J. B. : 
had a frost cleft given by Hiring (« Distinctive Cha- pasisi rate sate hiai though the trunk is si pree ot ett 
ractamy Of the Kinds of Oak growing in Germany,” Sound, the bg ang few in number, smell, an Home Correspondence. : 
p- 109) also shows the e pith in the cen weak, producing meagre unhealthy shoots, the oaiiy Spinach and Turnip Failure.—I don't agree with 
The di E A thane Of pir: annuals and ! | blossoms do not set readily, and if fruit t should se set, it is | your correspondent “Colo” in attributing the oe 
small ials (Perilla argu autumn-sown Spinach crops to “ 
ete., Botan Zeit., 1854, No. 38), is distinguished from | The leaves, meanwhile, are pale, soon discolouring, and | garden I have to cultivate certainly eannot be com- 
frost splitting by the following mar falling off many weeks before the ordinary time “Year plained of on that score, for I will venture to say that 
ats and _by year these cond tions become worse, the fi ruitfulness the soll ja, naiaealiy quite as poor as that of “Colo’s”? 
— Hardy Indigenous Trees. ches are suffocated with Lichens, neighbour, and yet the Spinach I depended upon fora 
t: hs The disriptionot the tissue | 1. The frost cleft: efts only burst ' and at last death inevitably consummates the evil. _ winter supply nearly all went off in’ the manner 
the first relatively open ia severe foste lent malady is not, however, confined to the orchard ; it is | described “ Quercus.” . The disease has also been 
of the season at the | —14° — ata later period ell known = ee 
Paiti wi known in French vineyards under r the name ree antever the gahi 
¢ in ues for 
bserved). which the è 
2. The disruption ofthe tissue n Huakeh ar daka 449. It is evident that such a condition may arise here the f8} 
is caused by the sion of preponderant E y 
Daas vap lea goniing; iye contraction from constitutional weakness, but outward causes also 29th and — oo which eg pein by cold 
in 
dium. 
of the ron ept 
the layers of cam- | in convection with Demi may produce it, such as the stagnant water of ill- nights and one or two so paralysed the 
med by the oe drained ground by depressing the proper temperature of young and tender plants cht inated intend of growing they 
rmer wood and the col es i 2e 
outer 
sitself | 3. tem bursts at a part ch | i but in the fields. 
‘in perfectly round planta and | where the tissue is veined monly it arises, and especially the form just mentioned | sll Suap bi of ike acts ae 
uninjured parts (or on half dead | b “alae m inj although A 3 ys sow read Stone Py 
are still green, | the tree be in other. fo. from sterile soil at a soon as the second early Potatoes have been taken up, 
Leconte). mapahna Ra below the surface, accompanied frequently by a want of | which sowing furnishes a „very useful ame ly of a Pes 
bulbs 
leafy ice 
confirmation by the working out of two ques- * Almanac du Bon Jardinier, 1952, p. 174. 
