! 
Aprit 26, 1856.] 
289 
acid in the air. his question, e inte’ he soil is much xed, s what uy upon the cla ys| Among those present were gentlemen who represen 
both a purely scientific nimi 1 fey xt in then south of Tarani v uld be generally called a| all the ego inte which yy land a world iS 
view, can hardly be overrated, has enlisted the energies loam good Barley soil, Shpk for the alternate | divided. There was M. De la Treh an oe ae? oe 
of chemists on both sides, a as given rise to som make ee roots and grain, and when ence ~~ y on Anglo- gence agriculturist, w 
irabl resear al volved the ex- | ploughed with a pair of horses at all seasons. At the | ad ocate of the system oa 
m air and rain-water, in order to period of visit there had been a long continuance | | principles, efficiency, and economy to the yaa 
ascertain how much ammonia an ninie, acid a ast wind, and everywhere the surface of the draine a| |o: and in France, if not in England, economy 
usuall rought d wn by the |and undrained land, with e exceptions as to the|is a cation of paramount im ce. There were 
other. The principals in this 'diseussion in France are latter, was dry, and therefore did not admit of an| present, also, Mr. Bailey Denton and Mr. Hewett 
MM. Boussingault and Ville n being formed as to the ne of the drains | Davis, l kno a their uncompromising hostility 
have made extended series of cam vmitr s on plants in Tayi ng the land uniformly d His lordship to the Keytt syst Both these gentlemen pro- 
grown in glass c: ; their conclusions are, how continues to lay up his arable land in narrow la nds, 80 | nounced judgment on i before they saw its results. 
diametrically opposite : M Boussingault sain g »| They have a length been eyewitnesses of them, 
that plants cannot make use spheri rie nitr wet land, but a loss of labour have now opport AOTER either of Siem their 
gen, but must be indebted suc aeh a soil, , Supposing the land to have been lai d per- | | preconceived hae or of candidly confessing their 
the 
nia in ee air for their supply in excess over hel fur- 
nished by ee — M. priy maintaining that in the 
absence of these $ in nitrogen in 
plants si sm place. ne 
Academy of Sciences, proc 
this anter, leans rather in its report to the side 
Ville, but the question is still far from being set at rest, 
the quantity of pia aat 
and nitric acid brought down by rain in | Paris. M 
gravel, 
fectly 
dry. 
bitin and clay, oceasionally stratified, but 
freque range in regular r be ds and much intermixed, ‘the 
y can. 
There were also codon 
o pean well 
tetai oo "he agricultural w 
clay 
or grave 
that, whilst i in 1 many pontoons water in oh 
only a few inches oy the surface, holes that have | 
been sunk many fee rr 
ptoms of water, sot the 
sym e ¢ 
ammonia in Alsace, and finds the “quanti it y much that water would rapidly soak “ai brought to it oud ge piineipally ni, my ai seen hart 
‘smaller than in the rain of the city, a shoer ail f A ri , 
ich oul ared to expect. M. Boussin- D a or only “partial: drainage, and might be often | | system, baad a publie d rg ning opinions of a 
ault has also examined, with object, the drained on El} X 
water of fogs and dew, and.of..xivers and 6 co I. through the watery. banks, a this his lordship h as | questions, ue A biri I bin : to epa 
Ville has ancia determine the ting in he Bat had 1 himself, but wherever t e a face | followi ng :— categ 
the air both in the interior of eland has presented an uniform call for drains, |“) I hs 
Mr. Lawes and Dr. Gilbe: rive published e results | ly e k S iediody, of tl s deep eir applie [it mo A e Keythorpe estate efficiently drained, or is 
of an into the quan) ammonia and nitric Prou; e cost of t raining to as muc a 
acid ote falling qu eat in Hertfordshire, | judicious uniform draining of 4 Tet Weald kokt te, 2 Is the arable land well ieee or is the system, 
The methods of determining the quan of ae aay cannot think with i equal EAA a thi a 3. il, subsoil, and 
acid are at o E t, that Messrs. Law stranger coming t rains kar 1s rac a 
say anand ty ar it wel te. poole. their tion of land, ge he as had grea perience substenta zh a. hers ierte yati Pamphlet 
sults 
that in quantity it exceeds T of amm 
Besides the names we have mentioned in O 
with these | researches, other continental and English 
cen 
of greater amplification. It is, however, obvious, that 
in this hurried sketch we have omit tted all no otice of 
emistry which might well claim attention in a 
tended a: 
CA 
mit to menti: on that the trade 
c 
es, 
national pet saa especially in 
ost im pe the hands of chemical science. 
us waste substan ufi 
life worked up into available form, 
and o dai aily 
Here the manures produced by chemical means, more tice 
similar soi ils ¢ and ha 
(for w a 
ther t be unce probe would, to insure uniform 
danita. A Bos to place his drains somewhat closer 
than he might think poss 1a |™ 
apply to land of his own, w 
tunity of amending, without exposing e Bat sun nt p 
be ean oped for ner little fail Cpe 
dental to such experi “gi draining athe entage 
of test he es in a soil s arying and uncertain as 
4. Have the furrows, which I have so often n pointed 
out, and on which the psa of the yoy — 
= giin atly Sh spice actual existence, or they are 
myth 
rs These “gentlemen must have drained many thou- 
| sands of acres, Are they Ager) gprs select on all kad 
of 4 
have drained any farm 
drained as that respecting which Lord Be mets ha 
tails, and drained at 
fortare A be most ample de 
chea, 
Keythorpe is doubtless o 
opportunity of watching Fg draining z and of proceeding 
Lee are ee willing to leave the decision of the 
tl B Sere Ait impartially selected? J. Trimmer. _ 
t day when 
the present uch | draining is being eft 
inexperienced di trestii Te 
althou 
See bare OF APPLYING hg 
oe the extract bia Mr. Nesbit’s book o 
especial the Showa Be, ugar lime, are dail indeed Mr. Trimmer admits that when one drain does | ee cultura Chai to which we referred last week]. 
a m P aniyat ae t sueceed he puts nother, and sometimes a third, eh err of this subject 
e sts who haves: ecially devoted themselves to is so that in fact the success of this draining is admitted | to Aza a that | behoct i any useful tical rules can be 
3 SE, uano have also to be attended with much uncertainty, and to call for | obtained ae the application of guano, we must carefully 
been discovered, and new supplies of substances useful amendment. compare gae p m ties of the Sil cet those of the 
to the farmer have in several pl w å With respect to his | lordship’ s principle as to depth, | manure to be applied, Refe ren t also be > made 
tis, therefo: » hot witho we c ngratu- y 
late ourselve: that the 1 may afraid to exceed 30 inches | seasons, particularly as respects more ake dew or rain, 
five years been made by that panera of agriculture 
which is based upon chemical science, 
a ite haat E n E 
t kin 
pa vaen during the 
ss has opened his) off of giving the gnai fall te to the an and hoo I 
for fear te 
drains, With re aed to his directions of the drains, 
| takin ng | them across the fal ll, here I am ste ati issue, and | 
quantity of guano to be used, and 
ie ace 
Practic ical finis have long been aware of the great 
isting in soils as regards their retentive 
aerae Ott eettati lan ands, the result of the 
sale, ap ag ) +, 
tion of a given quantity of ijt ten re may 
be seen for a number of years. On others, the effect 
tunity of inspecti ng his draining and farming, and as any guidi eat in cule lines Ligh ago 
pe R with much liberality provoked eae Sie on Ma regular! ly ; and i in se veral directions ons, phy none other was shorter period, The former class includes 
of draining, at the same time that Tent 1 I fel ys, and in general the heavier descriptions 
ba public to benefit by his example, ho he in many instances, hat had H H > latter arerin a i ‘nd raat) ty chal an asd 
pleased to see his practice tad His igl i c 
tga commences draining by aoking foot holes 5 or strata, and wou 2 be found r% water git off more bere jne- 
6 ft. deep mtd the field; he then proceeds to cut a freely k in greai ate quantity, a more unif varices of soil differ both in chemical com. 
deh n diagoa y across the e fall and tl gh tna wettest ease would have been gained at less cost. position and. mechanical properties, | The heavier — in 
tual in | I His sg ’s labours as an agricultural ampio 
thus governed in igs 3 each succeeding draiı 
: with th h 
aijotning eles dry, he proceeds to cut his next wel are far 
being limited to draining g ; the s 
n pris ing oar is exemplified in n his “farming, > buildin ng, 
(lighter ones. are also less porous, even when 
drained ; the Sepals are fer, and their Pranimi 
want of g 
renee the field ; 
lordship h as certainly 
en Siar die to sink each drai 
E 
adopted a right principle, for he | a country life ; and I am at a loss to convey ‘the admira- | 
a MPa Far H sa oe a ns eat 
that I fi elt i in iran his earnest 
the too 
they may contain, and 
trata, frequently going 
eir j; 
nsiderable in the liquid and 
th the time 
errie The various strata so to me to 
mation Eoi what. passed on 
y | 
bad some little inti- 
been ligh 
chy pA apparently sat = hes reach i it, Peis none ee i latile el f and at meni 
me pes ess than 4 4 fee t 6 inches moa cape Paso istance. Hewitt t Bone S Prederiel’s beat tip a certain quantity at the expense of the 
E ST ns of the as 10 or Place, a e a 8, 1856. 
12 feet deep. His ordehip ip’s ; plans of drain ale ii be -PS on fee soy with reference tomy speaking of This kas is, however, different with gravels, sands, 
seen to differ from what may be said to be the general and the A zH: if > Boei which, in Saa of 
packen: of a rer MoA oarn day as er roots and corn, ones could not have paid his | their greater porosi the atmosphere acts freely, and 
fo! OWS, viz. fhi 
l, in not takin ng his drains directly up the fall and pliment. i a change a few years has wrought ! por a AET them it is rapidly decom- 
m pot keeping them in one uniform direction. leep and a cote cultivation, after the ey, is eons posed, and unless there be | a growing crop ready to 
in adopting any uniform width between his on Aena changes the character of the soil.” The |absorb the fi ing particles as soluble, 
E ie change in in v pie respect is indeed acyllaan and I have | they will be washed away ; or, if they become volatile, 
3, in not limiting the depth of his drains to so aaa, ood draining will in a few Ein some extent, be absorbed 
little as 4 feet, opa hoy bday aie the high ap ese soils, tl t We 
To account for these variations from the l prac- they formerly held. may apply to heavier lands a strong dressing of manure 
tice much has been written and said of certain p at Sis and little loss will If for some time at least, 
liarities of the | soil of Ke: ythorpe, which „bas bee Ws have also received the followin from any other e action of the growing 
It is perhaps not generally itosi ihat a great | cro] EE NAP ui we use, even of farm- 
clay iie in banks several feet fı , and meeting of gentlemen interested in land draining took dung, a less amount at a time, but it must be 
I og with great regularity’ ta natural ridges Easter week. An/| applied more frequently. We thus see that light lands 
furrows between the soil and subsoil olen it has been ea engagement me from availing | have the advantage of more rapidly d p h 
the object ia o intersect by the drains ; but this descrip- | myself of the prec with n whieh | Lord Berners kindly | dung, and consequently of preparing it more quickly 
tion of th though I have Eat dasig uae yeelecred For this reason, among others, 
€ 
t 
ake 
on the occasion, I have 
the usual line, namely, across the hill, and 
lookin 
referred by the market gardeners, who, 
ad ii urings and repeated croppings, 
