Aveust 2, 1856.] 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 
tional uses of systematic botany 
rather than to 1 
its claim to the better attention of botanists ely. | 
who have been educa at 
work once laid by sys roti 
d fi 
£, 143 
pate panied it Sii any tend to 
i ey 
botany, great 
or securing pleasurable recente raan, val 
pce of this science in aft ter life. Few 
rh faei 
517 
f every individual tree is limited by its own constitu 
on and causes. It has a va Ay demonstrated 
oF every variety of fruit tree sre propagated at the 
o | proper time and toe nted i in a suitable soil and situa- 
the re ep oan The observant faculties may be 
beset them in 
7 To 
the ea ig ng iy to regret oar 
ey 
species 
, and on 
ais kind A: ere each of th 
and varieties 
3 in what soil andi in what re it 
ob CL CoCr, aar 
the a of the many. ‘The mere collector of speci- | that night att 
mens ot duly ge his cabinet without ex; For instance, with what different  saneas wili the | aioli ren ory er or as pyramid, | 
riencing some adv: e in this respect. But if he stop | poorest emigrant to a “arm colony look upon the| When a fruit tree a lining stat 
here and content himself with depending upon rue forests that surround his new home, if he have only | or produces bad fruit for two tne consecutive 
for the pens by Hoe cs groups his ae he will | learnt to distinguish the pace natural orders of| years, the able cultivator does not seek e cause in 
bi mparatively few scientific pote plants. then knows that som characte: by | the age of the variety, but in an constitution wes the 
such h minerals, panig o roe mon may eg es peculi eat noxious or beneficial to man He individual tree, and that pt pi rioak which in 
wil doinnin at in the per in 
ptr of the the. eatery pS ae whieh have induced the pot s tryin; g whether a Crucifer he never | the situation where the rekin is e rome and in the form 
others to up and = assify such objec saw before is op to make him a palatable | in which ve is —— Farther, he wi observe whether 
finds in his lists, o the brief spent m Without hesitation he t the of what the fibro ts and se og pce or ae not been 
systematic write’ ti in sina differences and | fruit he finds upon a Rosanth ; but he prudently d y e garde: who i is ignorant 
in striving to detect resemblances, and then r the most tempting berry of } i possibl 
— from pa own saber: his mind will be | p I porn the questi a, as to the duration of a 
eih 
pied in a way w 
pr Sessile Petar i ith, the method pursued by a 
f that he may eat with impunity pe minal 
Gpr of a suspicious | Umbellifer, „How valuable would 
In 
ariety of fruit tree possesses but iile interest. The 
only point which engages the eae of the amateur 
re the 
ical practitioner in framing a diagnosis of di 
from the symptoms he detec ts in his p atient, The skil- 
many specimens in those large collections of vegetable 
<an possib ly notice; his à patience are then 
rewarded en the solution of d difficulties which might not 
ted by our colonists in 1851 and 
1855 to the two great exhibitions of England 
France ! As it was, they mostly arrived withou 
the 
botanist to the affinities of 
kartapa on welt | 
gator. 
evidence s nee appears to me a Tena ‘qualification of the 
IfI i notions, how 
ri may pami agia tic botany be made in early training 
the future medical or legal practitioner ber to observe, 
snd how to draw just inferences from the facts befor 
em. 
A little experience, and no at 
tellectual capacity, su! “i 
of in- 
It i 
too es on peat ae minary ma tters. 
tod + sp 
qef 
with cert tainty what 
varieties aki oaa 
he can rryp cultivate in en and i 
as 
it will in fi ‘te most complete monographs of the 
culture of select varieties be will he rth be 
greatest interest. J. De Jonghe, 
ponasi of 
Brussels. 
on the first practical lesson 
sion of the youngest of botanical volunteers. J. S. 
Hens | 
low. 
(To be continued.) 
ON THE DURATION OF THE VARIETIES 
OF 
_ VEGETABLE PATH PATHOLOGY. —No. CXXXII. 
535. Parasıræ (Cyttari ytisma. st 
é&c.).— Besides the aes arasites last described, 
hich in their perfect state are entirely superficial 
ough in an G gro the my 
ad suffice for the ya ig those THE PEAR TREE. | side of the | real parasites which are 
external diff by which one organized being is} Some authorities maintain that the varieties of fruit | truly innate. ion mere botanical 
way ae her. A garden n labourer acquires | trees ha ve on ly a limited _period of existence, dating | curiosities, other. rs are so frequent conspicuous as 
he fi in hin} read y by their h y, 01 jet 
t the florist confides to es care, | that after this period has ok nesz ours th? degenerate, and | black ace 3 others are intolerable pests, w) 
The e naked savage of Australia recognises by h uch, proven disappear. An average di iderable si d 
even in the dark, certain minute shades sof difference, by 150 r% 250 years is even assigned to a vari sae: This articles of food to the savages who live 
g _ dou ubtless an error; for before Jit can be whee epe grow. 
another, n said more “readily t han ffici 6. Cyttaria. i " not oniy, remarkable for its large 
experienced t could do so by day! But there is coun, oe these proofs are wanting. On’ the other size, + com spect, q cashgecpuar en = 
greater difficultyin learning how e are neglect | hand, there are many facts which support a contrary Dey months e year a 
su cial or trivial differences (often very cp tg I opinion, GEE e of fi the Fu ý al alate a soon 
to the e; ye) i in searchin for those ess. obvious When the e supposition first took its rise, what were crop of fungi s the living branches from the 
bl nity he varieties of fruit trees which existed in our e mycelium year after year. imilar habit occurs 
-between the individuals which make up the several gardens? In gene ey were natives of much |in Podisoma and its allies, and the parasite flourishes 
ps to which botanists assign the sug! ed pee hrs warmer climates than — arieties equally tender | till the branch is rose exhausted. Cyttaria is con- 
4 genus,” “order,” and “class The ous differ- | with those obtained in own latitudes, Th fined to mt of e vergreen Beech. — ‘aint tr traces oi 
20 an resemblances we detect, are ake data by | varieties a bern Ery in a good aspect, when he fi f: ff, b 
hich f thos e hitherto un- | trained i ways, or yr: Sek wall. When extent as might be imagived in a plant 
as 
an 
lof nin oe a during habits. The genus is confined strictly 
here 
parasite, but of vi 
J 
habit: 
true vory 
Jti is ay nad heimi the tissues 
ecting the 
$ 
bark, sometimes the ra 
ndromeda 
the deciduous aoe of Acer, 
discovered laws by which the _Crea be Quen ile, or yramids, in not very 
f hi favourable situations, such varieties as the Bezi de ito the southern he emis phe 
Accurate observation, patient research, cautious | infer ae tel, Sai nt “Germain in, Virgoule use, Doyenné 
ence, close reasoning, are all needful to the successful tt t 
progress of every bra uch of natural science ; „an , Were no longer so healthy as trees grown on wa i 
assuredly systematic botany is in ood renner sae cease d to ssp frait at al 
ther in the results w hich ‘tan en ienaa y for 
attained by ow steady epplestion ts pee d ble y | The | t 
ods as are needed for ting tru ig f th d 
aR se scoala botany (including mor. d th iettaden, and their fruits not pos- 
phology) possess g he fi them, was it 
whatever kindred sei ences might be adopted for the | therefore to be concluded jihat, pibe: varieties were | conspicuous, 
purposes 0: ppe sie education. In Siaa iei is old va d 
f Aster and Sige 
are seldom of such size as to ly det 
Those on the leaves of Aster and Sal ave the mos! 
Guias ting? These 
“taht 
Fries observed that in spring, the ‘sporidia 
destructive. 
o the present time gr same 
the insuperable difficulty | of obtaining a ency of pagated, and when pl 
ae J eae bli; di have preserved up 
vidual students to perform experiments for themselves. | de egree o 
pef 
inde eda suffice 
fi Sth f the Ea ATSE E 
and ei sco ep ofl health which they 
fruit of t 
| leaves, just : as the 
and are thus 
leaves are expanding, 
itet t * aiablish themselves on the 
pn eey A f old, pand produce fru 
white 
m = es p EA 
If all thes 
are rare, „and rea pent ; many are very ill de- 
ese varieties are no a to be 
pearance to cie 
2 
met t with in gardens, is their disap 
pres Moreover, no one can 
Scientific mineralogis t unacquainted with the 
should be more inclined to believe that they ine 
Spherical geometry and In some departments 
be propagated because they required a parti- 
a a of management, and peculiarly favourable 
uatio 
ptics. 
-of the facilities for giving prac ractical | 
ut are not ot with- 
one. 
r 
show their intimate rela 
at first insin noir geri between the true 
ns 
6 
ctiveness, as en as 
uticle. cases the true cuticle i is s not 
characters by which insects are sre satan grouped, 
than is the case with plants, There would also 
int nternal few 
in the | aired and © quality of Sres fruit. 
a the end of the 
hey are now, plan 
which was pied for 
h 
with Pear trees, the oh ce of 
Festi rr maii summer, 
ong as the parasite flourishes 
538. ee also eona numerous species which 
live at t the « expense of previously healthy tissues ; = but 
autumn, and winter so e found, but very 
trees bearing eae trop oops panes for the 
dessert. If these comp: arati vely worthless varieties are 
in the “some exotic species. An exception, how- 
ssc made as regards Dothidea ty ee ia 
which i is, m, however, now referred to Hypocre 
prev: enting 
ifficulty in securing a steady and requisite supply of 
the kind here 
their disappearance cannot be attributèd to the age of 
the vari 
Some times in going through these orchards we cut 
oots from the upper part of ee ery old trees, 
altoge ether - evolution of the spike, and presenti ing 
stead an orange-coloured cylinder surmounted by a 
portion of t ne stemm, so as to resemble a Buil rush. It is 
ling pene which was 
ns, worked | 
this fi oper, brag 
very tae “for where it 
c 
will be 
states, as 
er 
n South Carolina, i j 
native Plums, but n never in them piein actual death. 
these varieties 
tivation until i replaced by EA AAE in every 
respect, But this replacement will = rer effect of the 
f man, and ni e variety 
of the 
| becoming exhausted and incapable of cate we Si — 
the existe! 
by graft. It is known for certain that 
faves , howev worse. Schweinitz cased ce this 
variety 40 pears before he wrote was common in Penn 
a ee ae aa of tHe combAlke IA 
BUTT EEIS of the comb-like “TBE 
$ a Cae rem bv of the wrinkled surface. 
Sedme a. tubercle, and «dos resemblance. 
* From 
t From 
t From 
