—— -dåp d 
E GARDENERS CHRONIC 
D 
different kinds of leaves, is extremely common, In 
some viene | the term perianth is employed where there i is 
LE. 533 
of the soil ; and that in the case of sand ba rcs rg 
| was 3° grea ater and five days more 
= Qui 
ind ‘a leaves present, whilst in others 
reafter be mentioned, the term 
ut in such cases the term gains | 
mployed by modern botanists, though it w. 
loured, 
(To be continued.) 
pened to be highly co 
BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. 
(Supplementary notice t 
1854, p. 805.) 
OF all the varieties of the Pear raised in our e, the | 
N. een appears to be the hardest in its 
For five years this variety, 
sout 
formerly yay in a vagie manner if the perianth bai to pen sun and 
ae 
id th 
etelet, Pam prose the 
orth and south sides of his 
a ‘iat té ge hee Page were dy atest on 
h side, peee the thermometers 
“results obtain 
observatory, rec 
| the so! 
| dept that should veco sated 
The Brussel rah supply u 
necessary data for « month of the year, and the 
lowing tal ifferences between 
pate Phang nb etal 
surface of the soil, and the « other sunk a foot below 
poet fruit i in 1846 or r 1847, has borne in my garden, | 
not onl. 
pyram 
pyram 
id a dwarf and 
id. "When flowers are seen it i is a sure si 
it will set. 
oui standard pyramid an the assistance 
a moderate ie that the finest. ‘ed best fruit A 
rther it is on half standards that the be 
t 
e Calebas: 
J 
Degrees. 
June 
| 
| 
punter 
ng . 
1 
piii the temperature of 
ve ee surface ‘of ce soil with ‘chat 
depth of 8 inches and 1 foot, we find the 
clima Ly 
y Bei 
rigi inal tree K ihe Thane 
er Sonia erv ood p 
and the beauty vr its fruit, 7 dopant 
hav e possessed trees for three at to 
g in posses- | 
di 
lished À monogtapiis which it is nee to hee whilst 
rit have been in bearin, 
ll without such. J. D 
t 
Th, 
ee numerou: s stamens accend T them, and hrer 
re six “all forming the 
Other species of Ane 
asl 
is vitalba), an e 
more than one pistil, Siih numerous pie ms, 
variable number ae leaves A ens perianth. 
are re than one pistil in a 
Bog oi “carpel,” the 
te parts ea og the 
In these there- 
J 
J prie rail 
N THE BEAR OF THE SOI 
WITH REFEREN ITS EFFECTS UPON VEGETATION- 
(From A: sory ous ANDOLLE’ s Géographie carci = 
Ir has Goal raki i y expe- 
riment, that heat acts locally upon the organs of plants, | 
e known the | April 
h 
est esta- | Ju" 
folowing difference es : 
At 8 ins. 1 ft. 
— 5 deg. — Si ee 
Th < id 
Ba 
| 
Mean of the Year 
Win 
Hence it a Ee that PENER sk the mid idle e aitatik te 
the end of pinter, tha temperature of the soil is warmer 
than that ‘ed the air at the mean depth attai rert by roots ; 
at the season when the plant 
it is s colder than the air. In the 
m differe ce between the air and 
and that, e pede 
is ties a preatee est vigour, 
se the mi appari 
part to another: best proof of this is afforded b, 
ai Ea 
"The y 
ae tact that if a branch of a tree = oe Ee in the 
en air r be tected, or introduce! stove, it will 
before th do. 
efore e ae 
re ger rite 
grafted together Gori in ae Livy hey form the su abor: 
dinate parts ingle oS compound) pistil. A flowe 
eye and si yai pistil, con- 
may, therefor ore, 2 have 
age in the Penr regions — war e o 
the plants to leaf saa flow 
j- | satrentely 00 cold. 
their sap fr om t the ground, the 
a: 
when the 
Novestialoesy since cal ale pump up 
> temperature of ‘the latter 
So |? 
At the end of winter and pire nning ot autum: 
occur when th aere is no difference between 
is 
o resu: 
withdrawal in autumn, se 
adaptation of "the cooler | soil to the ants of plants 
consisting of t 
two or a aapi’ pistils, 
Ex, 3. B 
may ha 
Sa et a it po i 
ea 
ulbous Crowfoot (Ranunculus bulbosus.)— 
r, durin 
65 
than the g great cold it is warmer d the |" 
more varia iable a climate "inthe greater the importance 
of this phenomenon to the gardener. The heatingor | „ 
cooling effect of the soil will be Re —— fle ra 
than in spring, and vegetation is no ‘hen 
more | aceite than in April or May, i in the latitude of 
a difference of 4° or 5° 
eects o 
| si 
in tl those wai ji 
P cn and 
are ba d conductors dih heat. Th the 
| mo feon husk, metn nae Aing ae , whi sts on 
sins other hand "the oung shoots and flowers of trees 
uire mpera 
cissi 
better than those whose roots ar 
the oi of the earth varies less the deeper w 
penetra 
+} 
negiested "altogether w w 
angles to the direction of the 
a Woi being stil 1 ess than poor nate a 
| | direction of their fibres, the j Pain effet of th causes 
ar Oa 
| long- et 
he soil m 
On the cts Sand, during summ onthly 
ifference of 5 ° and even 6° is of ‘citer im- 
temperature of the soil at various ia but for our | 
rtance; and even supposing it t to be reduced to half 
that amount by the time the sap has reach hi 
fth bak 
t to 
to about 3 feet from amg surfuee, for the roots of most 
still low 
This effect is increased by that evaporation from 
dant, 
plants do not arent o de “ig as tha rg Those which pl leaves which results from the descent of the sap 
do are chi riefly plan te affect a very ight so soil, and | duis ring t the day, so that the hotter the air is the greater 
more within i itself, and 
ne at aa eet of 3 feet. lt matters little t to our in 
f, 
that this stratum i i rface 
it concern 
is bose 2 
variations of temperature i in the upper 
f the soil at this depth is less peratur 
Neca “am that of the air, is proved by M. Muncke’s kind must be construc’ 
observa! at Heidelberg, which show that band 
3 feet, 
“elon, in a venga ng on by account the use 
temperatu: of the Pi is 
enine whether the e disturbance du the coolness of 
the soil in summer varies much in different hraa or 
whether it v: l nily and according to the local 
conditions th in almost every co ~ he 
mechanical an mical composition of the soil, &e. 
i ved, er me: m- 
cted, in 
of the _ temperature to the limits of species and to 
the flow 
the m riiin variations beyond 
diate 
* corolla,” inner ner of the 
periant! h has a it tle scale or 
glan at its b: 
'alyx.—The he va ei leaves, of a 
a 
nish forage ees with the 
petals, ifferi m them in 
59t- form, are ried “ peters need 
ing ok oF Crow- 
seppals). Collectively i nat constitute a 
cal. 
Ls + h 
Brn ssels "M. 
etelet has shown that the annual ‘variations present 
e dec 
Que 
the following pro; gressive decrease i n de scendin 
Air in the shade at the me -en es 
at a depth ar — e a e 
” ow) GAN? 
” ” a Tet 523° 
< 
34 fe 
a farther t took loa ays for bi maximu 
behind what it was at the surf: 
| bas 
d min 
"othe Soni the PRO 
ering and deren of trees 
must 
n different countries. In the second case we 
masa for aar lants growing in an average 
d of an average : roa vs of conductibility, an 
Rose: rae their ican temperatures a eee 
common m; s. 
omparing thus ol Upsala with 
| others at Brussels, at z erris depth He it appears ( (1), that 
| arana eeng to Mare e te 
m | pera sels ; (2), that the 
psala t Brusse! 
hs the during rong the saith is colder than the ai 
ree of oe at and “Tune, 
| peated of rye seven from 
pe Guri 
ing t = ae when the eggs coolest 
yx. 
NB. T The deparation of à peri 
shown how much the rapidity of transmission an 
modified by th 
