OcToBER 4, 1556.] 
as comprising Į not SO cov: 
Prd TE RAN a 
notice, ta n us 
Posdermiust, Rasisti, Graphiola an and Orona rti ium, 
besides 
he is t his farm comprise the 
store of com and pen as is often the case i in 
Eng e will 
ere sS, or who 
are in the habit of Toa. pi ing omy 7. =s 
heya observed that a em, of si me 
, and in some cases ral months, longer i in 
The co 
an ex the south is there equal to a differen: 
2 to the north 
aie er on mg exposure. 
ojia, mountain) the decrement is 1° for e every í 
thawing t than erg in the pa country 
“ey Te 
the west < land, when h 
tae wever some interest for 
ause one s is connected with the 
round snow- -water is on val 
of a little less than 2°; for ‘plants there ascend 450 feet 
higher on the southern slop ha Lastly on Etna the 
produce: way in small quantities at a time, 
ead y inking i in n the lary 8 and 
lar; e quantitie s to suddenly form a torrent or 
effect of a southern exposure is about 4°; 
Fa | that is not pra with wood, and especially 
with that Which i * g nanny agara etea indeed, 
The great difference ‘between the results obtained 
upon Mount Ventoux and upon Etna are due to = 
and this 
er, 
question as to the b: eful aibo of ae Si ar 
Wheat. The notion has w btedly arisen from 
fact that the Berberry is so often rusty with aida 
Berberidis, which has bee ent a with the 
2p ce whic onstantly precedes mildew in 
Wheat, and which is in fact the young condition of the 
ay by which it is cai cidium consists of a 
o! 
of long orange- coloured necklace-like strings of 
able kira of water, which, i in geh nce of its mer 
— ral pidly towards the prinsipe stream ia wet beet 
, because 
ac which opens 
it re 
pt it can carry a 
With regard re <i _ is what takes p : the 
e heating ad chemical ra rays 
lof Am sun is twice as poate ‘lat. 37° as it is 
Jat. 44°—47° 
__ Anothe: direct influence 
r method of pica on aa the 
is detailed 
y in the fol- 
loving experiment. “In Sean, ” says M. De C Candolle, 
legant appearance. 
a Pudente, and aikan ei ‘eymbiform seco) exo 
a wooded ate iy: is, to a 
great extent, retained on the leaves, shoots, bra nehes, 
by the 
seeds of annual plants ; one = in a place fully exposed 
spores of two or: PA Puccinia granmiane and trunks of the e trees, as well as and 3 feet to the southward of a wall ; and 
brown and Mente ed ti i wally | and Briars ; it is absorbed in a great measure by the the other i ina position half ahidi Ý y large trees to the 
produce e kinds “ Sree isa aaa er in | leaves, Lichens, Mosses, and by the ook of To appreciate the effects exactly 
Avidium the permatogonia “filled a a mi Teale branche: es and stems. hrr the wood is in leaf, espe- | I calculated the vorh of da ays required to brisg each 
spermatia w. cha are “Bisel ne im of ee cially he rain, even when heavy, only | to o perfection, and “the t mperature du uring these days, 
ig drops or Fan og a P spermato- | reaches the soil at ae aa of some ho 
onia are far more rare, but they oe ioe obse: s cases only after the lapse of caia pred ese are | proposed by M. Boussingault, I thus ascertained the 
by ing ia There is no doubt then that Æcidium | facts of every-day occurrence, and ma, rved | amount he ~ reg “rd “i each plant expressed in 
is as perfect a plant as ja neighbouring genus, and |at all ti in the m si of evergreen resinous ometer hung in the 
y almost infinite number kiia The plants aie k in the shade (supposing 
a condition of Puccini ~ Authorities besides, whether | of small surfaces the wns is sometimes hy a — | that shade to have been absolute) would ha ave received 
scientific or eee by no means ee extent again evaporated, and in any ca xactly 
the infiuen f the Berberry, n tio on which : reac the "soil is in part Eo, ‘and dii ight ; those planted in the ave received an 
periment con se hya "appa notion. ilr g 1 S onai as Mosses and apas, and by | apre ntly Jess amount of heat, Ari has coe made 
experiments solitary, and he I hicl up in great quantity. Here | up for by mae di pi n ed aed n. Thus Cre: - 
positive result, "though i in one instance, hoch it soli- (is a striking instance of those small pee Ta in duii sati the sown May 24, iora ed 
d him, there » produce such gh tis serie effects. It, is nly after | July 12, odoi bari gust 9: ae ditto, in the 
evidence in favour of the effect of leg Pri ange } gp , | Shade, sown May 24, fonera ny 3, ripened seed 
Wheat. anes Hornemann, fi g t August 17. The pe odu aÀ pelaat cAi of days multi- 
on the contrary to a positive sont i rang he t | that th ining p ftl hes the | plied into th temperatures for the 
Saaraged ho > Panofal influence, It sho! uld be remem- soil ; and there again i ith ltitude of period bet in the sun 798, 
p$, fr m the shade 219 aa Betis hee Al 
mi un peryana paya i E ct effect: ar o aay rape’ „The product of | he 
oor except in bape oe ag: that g pl it from fi away too rapidly and My by th is in th rae 
En Z though foan A in some 
ground has therefore the Seren as regards 
d in a he shade 646 5 ‘difference 131; also due to t 
effect of the sun’s rays” J. D. H. 
ace. 
Wooded 
rrp = St ng and 
and s Tn 
reg OF SKIRRET. 
p 
doubtedly many different species, it is 
that t they have been pas e premo all reason, each 
of man Sealers that ire disturbance me 
commotion is the consequence, The cutting down 
ds 
= 
and copses has produced that distu busi 
roy a of which w 
ults. 
CULT 
jsa rret (Chervis Fr. Sium Sisarum L.) belongs 
to nye f Grabelutere It is a perennial plant 
with ‘bund hes ot fusiform, fleshy roots from 6 to 10 
bl onaria, Š SemPucw we have now to deplore the | inches in length, and from 3 to 13 inch in diameter, 
canadensis, as bia, pee 4 r less | sa! panak crooked, o ex ly, the 
bai sometimes acquiring in oy e Elder t te e peculiar i ao re oa ~~ the beneficial effects of wooded | flesh being white. The stem is cylindrical, channelled, 
appearance which is known under the t Stag’s eo y called in question, = oo the | and frequently exceeds 3 feet in height ; the leaves 
Horn in t the Ahan other lants i f. sar rfaces mp one ge th » ora the dis- | are alternate sheathing, reddish at the base, 
ffected di } } d | tributi regular flow of wate eas to | flowers are small, white, sweet-scent di 
e j bt 
its full > orleans or shortly after, but if the leaves 
are affected wit neral cange o of structure, 
deny the influence 
the 
of Ji ght „upon vegetation, 0 or E that = 
ruits. If were st 
uffers only a temporary che ck 
Satupleteiy.; ae si next season. 
n the Goose the not the onl. 
whisk salier, but the pe it is ies 
a peculiar n: 
alte ted, acquiring 
sometim the species 
t as to 
suleab Io panied The fruit of the 
is hag as well as the leaves, and is 
colour from whi pal 
s g the investing membrane, 
e 
to diminish sensibly the | 
Berberry likewise whi 
e! 
by volucre, three 
is oblong-oval, a itle curved, 
unbeli evers, I aE say to them, you Pra not ne 
decry any system of 
tions ; but facts ts clearly show the mse 
dangero of neban a 
master w: 
reventing inunda- 
sness, if not 
f 
observed ; hegre and ao will be convin set do | at o 
y part | not w ish t 
e grain 
yo “exlindrea, rather thin and narrow, flattened 
ts extremities, and mar gone ways Bp po 
ar yellow, or grey- 
Asia ; one of its 
ish white. 
lat a aie of Northern 
| varie been cultivated in China from time imme- 
es 
effectual, 
e | pensi Planting is also atte: nded with 
lanting is 
the oniyi is eap compensated by the lan Tas a. 
-| it cann enied, that to completely clothe | the 
the 
used uxury on 
rich. set ies to Linnzeus E Ber cultivated in his 
re from the surrounding i 
say in in ite degree of development an mode of 
d hen a few the ies are 
pet ot easily distinguished from Toots siglo attenti 
M. J. B. 
ON THE INFLUENCE OF WOODED SURFACES 
IN PREVENTING INUNDATIONS, 
ence on the descent of water, i is an 
at the present day its 
f | have greatest influ 
object that co! ald d be effected for a less sum than that 
* 
by the disastrous inundations themse 
ON THE INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE UPON 
THE ELEVATIONS WHICH PLANTS ATTAIN 
ON MO 
u! 
nting the amount of ha ta —v sacrificed | 
the gre ss to sucl 
mentioned, and even ars ay 
woe e wor! aaa It is astonishing 
ch an extent that it is hardly 
omitted, in most 
that greater attention 
to it when the Pamio dosane rendered 
|a bgt a te that — ber desi 
Am ong tions who have paid most attention to the 
revival of the cultivation of the home Tees Sace 
UP UNTAINS. hould be mentioned as 
pore = s by M. Biles ‘was cad before PH a (Fro P ] E CANDO! = Géographie BotaniqneRaisonn á ée.) sponta ist has shown that bgt pen Pps 
rd a Comes my dsr Lang iT ight to which | the richest i in nutritive substances, as is shown by the 
d: are J cinta’ a con- speci asce! on nor: h au sou! sS in i g y 
siderable quantity of rae is vo peni eels ne after = ee aoe A b oF gee ieee ries Water .. va onal 
y rains and above all when these two me a inundation neglected this p poin résearch, or have not met with Woody fibre and ashes se se ove pi 
wane keani, Ie y be pet nee BREE moni tains pen à poe sl such observation: a a Be oa eT 209 
eat ollowing are the general results deduced (by M. prece pla Lis = = 1.37 
a : om their apia i “Cand ol le) from several very valuable tables "for sa | weds zene Ryd 
ie gen ume than they ea Jd a Pac or never | Which we must refer our readers to his work itself). Arabic 
= t that tions tee to l. From a taken in Switzerland and South| The Skirret is likewise € so > easy of digestion pret it 
certain conditi ita: wold eae agra Germany (mean Jat. 47° N.) it appears that the Beech | was formerly recommended as one of the best ana- 
Fagus sylvestris) y bae ge (Abies Emn 
vie the gular; therefore, anon eer sè Se 564 foot higher ern slopes than they rhe NSK of the Foot a white, firm t tender, floury, 
uta on moe er arka ting ADA do upon ern. Mi e-s ager yg a little ge Its flavour =o 
sa 2, From observations taken by M. Martinson Mow ild, sugary, a sligh resembling that 
a re osina aa ei ni A? 10 Nes Height € 6278 feet ; oil Celery. A few minute t to boil it It is 
lltainil case tor ab, re ing their intensit calcareous ; slope, 19° 30 Rie _fried, and it y EE SE s 
N are ishing h coe i ards he south, it ap) i thinks that if it could grated y whilst 
aea Wheat these pel melting ot estoi ascend 450! sina are a bë aed aloen TS time, it would 
e degree. ith regar 
3. Fro u M Etna, pes. and very nourishing 
pe Sache is + pote of the aa E tbat sno som 37° 44! Ns yeh ge 10,908 feet; soil, volcanic, the| In field = Skirrets may be of great service 
ane ian, ai ot 19 meer te eat al sr ren teat 
f i thi ropi onthe us 
ES oral Agteaktaral Soci m Da A Wini Ee ned ts Ye bee i a ry in ‘Germany Mound these roots sso alicious that he exacted 
yin 1832, p. 262; and report onhis paper by Montagne in Now in Switzerland the mean annual temperature carpe neat Ski aE tues ancients was in toe eke 
fifehives de’ Botanique, vol 283; and article "Mildew in hg tha n reality 
Morton's Cyclopedia” 0 T? P decreases 1° 9’ for every 315 feet, whence it follows that | Parsnip. 
