730 THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. a 1, 1856. 
—— TT ee Tonne 
it the elemenia of what.the gardener terms a green. | Vave refused to do threshing work by the flail, because, as they ; not an engineer who would not agree with meon this point. There 
dia is,thexefore tend have justly and laudably said, that was work for a machine, be some who would i that, in certain satisfactory results, 
rvations an a a Sa which pone would not bo ore themselves by performing. Iti rs pega = i sa causes, this element has been the principaj 
to the following conclusions aca effort of intelligent agriculturists to give their | one of su 
rs om interest in Eg use and seee of mac»ines, wid Th Baio I have written pamphlets, and got a parliamen 
That under the most neu canola is” afe oo). the | that interest, they find, must be improved wages or condition to o Tn Engi of inquiry, and done whatsoever was in my ae 
ing derivative plants (and all “sorts” mg 80) pure | the labourer. The most improved agricultural labour is con- | prevent the valuable class of labourers which we have there 
to any one type is a matter of Fy ted by ov. span nionded en a t piecework, and that already formed, though rudely, from being deteriorated ang 
scription of werk camonly be well ol ined permanently , by | destroyed by the reckless and discreditable administration 
2d. That “sorts” are principally the results of | fuil payments, to sustain the interest in it: and this interest is, | railway works. I observed and endeavoured to call attention he 
hybridisation brought about either naturally* orj toa great extent, independently of the e question of supply and | the fact, that the sons born in towns from these hill district 
artificially. deman l labourers were shorter and less strong than their parents, and 
2 tod hat at Thisis a topic which I believe to be of vast importance to the | that. the parents who came to reside in the towns, in con: 
3d. opie Ntan, way be mesg Ae -i t | fature. of the prem classes, ~~ which I have only the means os Jas defective sanitary administration there, ey 2 ren 
y P f indicating some of its economical bearings. about 1C years of working ability, as well as of life; and 
of of the sam nus, In treatises on n agriculture bs persons of authority one or other that tof ‘the fine PAER born of this class in the towns more than 
The i oss sorts or species are together, the | Course of agriculture is recommended to be adopted, as the labour | 40 per cent. are destroyed. by preventible disease before their 
ace ly wo kohvide to ba the fesult. is said to be dear or pay Now, from considerable observation fifth year; but hitherto the efforts of powerful friends, with 
yor in England, and from such information as I have been able to | myself, in this cause have been only of partial effect. 
In natn hy pae naialis gc we may obtain, low-priced labour rarely is cheap labour, either in agri-| I may observe, en passant, that I peang cb informed of one 
that Aa pla cultnre or in manufactures. other similar gre of labourers to oi es, the terrassiers, 
state at as sort rease 3 any g ant, An eminent manufacturer and successful manager of labourers tre come from near the Polders, of w rat pene: Brea I have not 
whether of A e a. or swede, the os ted to me, in the way of illustration, that it was with his eagan panaia Heikon but English navvies have been 
difficulty to obtain pure is bee: and orkmen as it was with a valuable horse-power machine. “I uch employed on railway works in France, and have earned at 
x Pp not,” said he, “afford to work my machine with a horse that Peor from 7f. to Sf., and in some instances as much ag + 
wie the s remeron is caus joatly hlameahis p this, costs les less as with 302., or eats be os on 18 Ibs. of Oats a day.” | per diem, and they have also in various parts of Germany 
as he wou be. in i wit the hae 80 i —_, uuder bet pen cir- | earned double the best labourers’ wages there, And this 
PR id A k, on gon ng i Hi: cumstan —the walls ag: the the sufficiency of | superiority, I may say, of a highly es and skilled 
y side, yet we rin mind t some a tem priki the vantateiied of Arvin of denies to create an | labourer has been a inaa 2 every clime. A friend of mine, 
pg ry + 
retain their mendes u smeg PÈ ri Lee be the — as a means of obtaining them, are becoming | a civil administrator in India, the Right Hon. Holt Mackenzie, 
manently than others, and este i ositive conditions; for whatsoever be the | informed me some time ago that he had made a note of the com- 
y num s in the market, the work will fall off with- | parative cost of Indian, Chinese, and English labour when 
retain -ipera Hae qualities in one “district ‘this ian i awe is 181 bs. of € ats. n] ave ascertained in Eng- | wa: India, and th gene A esult was, “that 
may noi se il o! a a een in highly cultivated districts where agricultural Tabs 80 npr ie os owed workman of average efficiency was 
n another tot lly different. r: — a per week, the work was for quantity as chea] À nal g5 ral Chinese, and one Chinese equal to several 
in neh ic whe: iculture is lower, and where wages were only ASSA (B comune) and this independently of the advantage 
We understand he Secretary the | 8». . or * a — Nay, = have in my al or disadvantage of the tools employed. And Pim conclusion I 
Guernsey gerer Sciot. that the an he of =e pron of workmen strangely called navigat r “navvies,” it drew,” said he, and the conclusion which I too wish now to 
iioa upposed from eid 3 been originally employed in digging enforce, “ was, that for estimating = cost of iabour = of the 
canals and works for serving inland navigatio These Lan work done , there could not be a worse standard tha a wages 
that Mindi is —— rg them to a good deako f what | Shire men work in gangs of tive, and will peony no men inio their of the libor rers,” 
unjusti fable: annoyance. ees ii gangs be mero as man pinata task, sy A te ards, or| Much in this instance might be ascribed t climate, but 
n single horse loads, of earth in a day. I have known of instances | spectacle has been presented in Calcutta of Seutebiien ‘tian 
sort ve no right of ae mama on | of men cf this class, as a feat, doing even double that quantity, | cs at high A ges, doing work there under the shade of 
account of such a resolution. On the ntra: it a mile of road made by labourers of this superior class, earning | umbrellas held over them by Hindoos, engaged at low wages to 
s ry, it ., 38. 6d., or 5s. 6d. per diem, has been pie an in much shorter | attend and perform this service. Labourers of our Army Works 
p! 
seems to P byi insuring g the puri ity of ble od, to be ime, — has meee Farahan ae An sheraty as a mile of ors cise sely fhe Corps speak with respect of the capabilities Sr the Turkish 
cone: f all thr h who sa ad done d by pauper labourers w labourers, and of particular feats of strength performed by 
such si ji h eae wages ek » per iei grie agricult: een poe ae ss them; f linson, our tary en; a res to me 
ne tock ay reah "But ateve its | when they have been allowed to join these gangs of navvies, and | that the Croat labour, chiefly engaged by us in the first instance, 
immediate influence. fi sti the value of | bave been “alimented ” and seasoned to their atap dis- | was dear at sixpence per diem; and that in relation to the 
Guernsey cattle exported previous to the date of its ne oy met return nareanontated the fermer b7 doing ae | morts pe" ranan pohara taket vut TIGY Pada ae 
re noon, and hy putti: m far chea] ve o y 
adoption, certainly = ja — within the pert ie spades on thelr shoulders, and going away for poor aed the eday, English labourers and materials, all the- way trom England, for 
the i lers jy noble friend brought down to his the execution of the works. In the course of discussions on the 
to act o a rule, and » a rtise 
dhs shire a foreman accustomed to superior niet at a subject with the members of the Congress met here, I have 
ase. ere ae nye work, Judging of what would be his answer, I said to this fore-| received much confirmatory testimony upon my view of the facts. 
bred out of G gael “« Will you not get this work done cheaply; here the | One member of the Congress, a merchant, informs me that he 
k 
ers are got for „omy eight shillings a week?” “But they | has had ships built abroad, and also ships repaired in every prin- 
to pawhatier iy are natives will beansw wered rs the a be dear at siz,” was the reply. ‘How isit here with your | cipal port of the world ; but he avows that, notwithstanding the 
brand—not the “ie oe ion areen they are si nit other classes of artisans,” I inquired, “your journeymen brick- | very high wages of our shipwrights, he has found their labour 
ers, for e So! workpeople are th has else’ met with. In to 
x 
1 r 
F 300 and 400.” “And how many do your town bricklayers E t sate to two Rte labourers; but that three Polish labourers— 
an element in their value, and if so it is right that “ep you pay double wages?””—*‘ More than 1000 a day!” was | and those not serfs—were required to do work feasta to one 
eet a properly attest ed. he answer. Sii En olish agricultural labourer.. In thi e differ- 
The sa agricultural labourers on the estate, when put to | ence, however, the difference of tools was eile ‘the dif- 
y one-half mor J 
MR. KEPER wages, we , by higher food, soon put into a superior phy- | who studied at the English Agricultural College at Cirencester, 
i e se of 
k ith an equal quan~ 
5 condition, Besi à reat | states to me 
FUTURE OF AGRICDLTUR AND OF AGRICULTURAL x-men theta 3 is the labour in agriculture which demands great | there by ploughmen at 14s. per week wages wi 
Ha ilana E RAD CULTURE. skill; ‘and skill is m ore productive than ordinary agriculturists | tity of ploughing done- on his father’s estate in the accustomed 
- The following is part of a paper by Mr. Chadwick, on | 2° aware of. I was staying recently with a friend, an eminent | way there, and he found ny the work done at parison mado 
and of man > ge at a 
n cheap: Ona ne cular 
the future of tact -hrted a ‘facturing I was with him, saw a boy conducting a new spring waggon is Normandy, the see of three Norman agricultural labourers 
the future of agriculture and of -| over'the ridges and furrows of a field in such a manner as to | was found to be ei AA only to that of two English, or more 
tural labourers ; read at the agricultural section of the charge of it wango yiia = friend Meg a man to take particularly two Kentish 1 lal prain TS ; fo — — wara 
recent cl eA of it, and reproac! is ear with his wasteful im- | whic! ave received from engineers, confirm: cine rs 
Fag yaaa of Bienfeisance at Brussels, and reported | p idg Sorter g so valuable a piece of machinery as that | present Congress, about Danes, or Norwegians, or Swedes, 
Morning Chronicle:— AS al e horse a aboy. My Bena. observed, moreover, | would be required to do the same quantity of work as two average 
In respect to the future of the labouring classes in agrieulture thatan Nait driver, who Sia S load properly and conduct | English labourers, Superior workmanship, as well as quickness 
je ete appears to me to be under influences similar to | & horse ly, bee ec for the saving of the horse n ver as the | of execution, with the aid of superior tools, will frequently tend 
have already shown promise favourably for the erar e, worth his double wages; that even in the common opera- | to the value of the English labour beyond the dif- 
ing classes in manu’ aaron, of digging one labourer who was skilful was tees profitatle ppg f the gross produce. Admirable work is done by Anglo- 
ae not be enforced how strong is the interest which a | i him at 12s. than another was at 8s.; and so with other agri- | Saxon men in Canada, andin the ti of America; but 
s in the improvement of its agriculture; bat I ama cultural processes. The same eminent agriculturist has, with the | I rapeat that I do not ascribe the difference of result mainly to 
great manaren for cultural improvement, for t especial | aid of steam and improved machinery, and processes, m labour, | race, because, as I have observed, the labour of Englishmen, de- 
Teason, amongst others, that I have as pan gle rule, im- tæ P atan m8 land of the average annual rentals of t coun ty ressed by i 
nly be effec 
TS. par P i 
of e nyes i 
that in i re as im manufactures, whereso- | Now there is no other rte than morg ignorance and routine | best. Indeed, in the Crimea, under the a of our army 
army rab eden sat have been introduced or | Why the whole of that nty should not be cultivated in the administration, the ordinary labour and tasks of earthwork 
labour-saving improvem rocesses have been effected, | like omen as this one guts of it. Bat if it were so Dorsetshire, | required from soldiers—raised chiefly from one same di 
more abo, EE arise poten asep and better paid, has been nji being aa tivated by only 16,000 labourers at only 8s. | from whence the best navvies have been obtained, and acknow~ 
required. At present, ps great practical barrier to improve- | °F 98. -per bagay ages, aeg require for its improved culture | ledged by impartial observers to have in physique no superiors. 
ment in agriculture is the ingractability, from ignorance between 30,000 and 40,000 labourers, at. 10s., 12s., 14s., and some | amongst all the troops in the field—were only to. remove 10-cubie 
and general low condition, of the labourers. It is a = „them Aiae a per gie and this Apes is to a greater or lesser | yards a day in a loose soil; that is.to say, that at least two 
question, and a parte overlooked in the conside- ample of what may be e d of agricultural im- | soldiers were required to do the work done with an interest and 
ration. of the- of sound popular education, pisada throughout the whole kingdom ; and thatimprovement, “a will” ome ayvy—the navvy very often the brother or 
whether there are not more successful inventions of machines and = it raise wages to the agricultural a, la = of the soldiers, or coming fro! same villages. 
roces especially in agriculture, unused than are used— meet ‘the capitalist, would cheapen food to “gin i sa Iam glad to ‘tnd that the general observations of the most 
£ 1 havi e vor ion. i i agriculturists—of Count Gasparin, in France; 
abandoned on account of the obstacles arising solely from the | The most eminent of the “navvies”in England come from | of Van Thaer me Burger, in Germany—are in accord ene my 
want of intelligent labourers. them, Thus the the - districts of sandstone-grit and Siae f — and | own in England. I regard the economical element w. 
machine was found to be an invention made a quarter of a| Other northern counties, where there are ‘able san: 
century before, but abandoned. A friend of mine, an able ditions of pure soft water and forced coher and oe nalural for on this papoa element will depend not only the extino- 
dra: s. Their serfage, but of. slavery itse ari have k= 
h 
mechanist (the. late Mr. Smith, of Deanston), invented one ge by winds and storms. Th a tation tion of every form If. 
which sneceeded in the field, but was destroyed in the barn by prerana good. Some of the leading. na a a pci presented consulted on anion work x by. proprietors in 
the ignorant carelessness of his labourers. At present, it is|t© me that they ute 11 Ibs. of maa ge per head per week:| West Indies, and have had some insight into the slave labour 
common for an turist after the inspeetion of a machine at | & Necessary of life PE re work, but I should not Sebo there; and I am convinced it is dear labour, as contrasted yn 
_ the manufacturer's, to say, “ Well, if I buy that m you | this as to the species of as an absolute dogma, for they them- | white free labour. Slavery will sooner fall'with our brethren 
Š must find and seud me a la to work it and take care of it, | Selves have admitted to pee ais of Oatmeal and Po atoes | America, when they find it, as they eventually will do, as com- 
for I know of no one in my. own parish who is fit to be entrusted ey milk), Lenin in i erent quantities, have done gerd work pared with improved free labour culture, bad as an investment, 
with it? “But what. do you give?” the machine-maker nage what, however, appears to be ce than by any amount of condemnation of it as being bad as ® 
asks. Ifitisa Dorsetshire or a Buckinghamsbire agri st, superior al mentation at the least is required, eink it” is by fd social institution. It appears to me that Count Gas justly 
“8s, or 98..per week,” the answer. “But those wages a requisi mental as well as bodily stimuli are | cites, as an instance of the power of freeas-against slave Aaoi 
i pa pop ge wy prc anh 2 needed for the attainment of work, M. Nidault, a | the fact that the manufacture of sugar Bee! keeps: 
tobe entrusted with that valuable machine at 16s, | French engineer, in his treatise on irrigations, gives account of a ground; that is tosay, that the slave (or the si: 7 
a ~ And if the machine is taken, in one form or other the | Similar class of labourers to those by some deemed peculiarly our | with a plant containing 18-100 of sugar, grown in ae 
the increased dod is generally submitted me and own. He describes as a most interesting class those who devote | climate, has: great difficulty in contending’ against the sam 
mical improvement, improved themselves especially to ne execntion of canals and other pn ia pep cultivates a plant: which contains only S-1' 
tion works in Italy. “It is (says he) that of the small con- in a climate most unfavourable to its development. es 
there were agricultural PAi ang or simple task- hate, who aoe with them a gang of “ia pne I have known agriculturists from the the most A 
machines were broken, and workmen, at the head of which they work, and by whose means ced districts of the north, tempted adere pe 
the ene: of yabahi whi bear arate prints: Rewer That: no Aiport apparent cheaper labour, and better of the south, g0 
oo te ae, of Parliament. We are told- im digging or levelling. The digging of am irrigation canal, if | there a take farms a ea mcr ie but when uor 
of the Chinese to prevent the use | "ather a large one— one, for instance, of seven toeight metres wide, have sep toch ty of the labour: there, they have 
stock of labour for men; all | 204 whieh also serve for navigation—is one of those works clined tt the ent to y fini that Count Goes 
= a 
may I am ” 
went doing by this policy is, to make mendo the work | Which, to be well done should be done with promptitude, or at best — le analogous ° papai o n “One day,” says he, 
and’in that res è pripens praa i i É ent colleague; M: Huzard; being consulted 
’ id not 
+ and th just appreciation!” exclaims: < debility; 
Mitte ork. Eea labourer’s enervated, whether by physical 100 ore, 
Techen: ehtelt coated ie vite arising froma bad tesime, or by long: habits of 
a 
th 
itary con- | facts display to be of the greatest social and political moniaita í 
but who also work well. ‘There is where they do not strike hard upon the anvil, the- yaluevof the - 
ee a eee 
