~ 
November 8, 1856.] 
opinion 1 entertained by practi 
ty of oj Sen men respe 
ing diversity merits of both cakes, I believ 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
et- | income and expenditu lected ¥ my friends Count Arrivabene 
and M. Ducpetiaux in Belgian, an d by M. Le Play in France, show 
an exte: 
g a still fiire anarie tion not only of agricultural labourers | each, showing the increase in quantity sown, the 
experience h of ithe be tf stock ait’ th as proved beyond | putofsmall farmers. Th pitara ma Ape ga te eat y abou: produce, and the total am: 
dispute that, weig or weig inseed-cake is much | ers to whom I have adverted as the most depressed labourers 
better Rape-cake. ame is not, I believe, difficult to oe will be found to have at present better means tl 
r this su . jarmers i nce and Belgium, that is to say, their wages 
account fan Bt oa d obë ill produce to them more of necessaries and comfor 
Tn the first place ould o lly enjoyed, at all events, by a large proportion of small 
hot taste, and is not liked much by cattle ; | farmers in France er ho was himself of a family of | 7 years to 1839... 
good Linseed-cake is sweet and agreeable to | Buckinghamshire jaboters, one of the lovest in England, ex; | 7 PE: 
. . . ition of the smal armers in , 
the taste. The natural neers of animals, to a certain ee to me that the living of the labourers of his own county | Gy 7 
extent, it strikes me, may be ed by us as a guide | was superior. A Dorsetshire labourer, who earns 8s. and 9s. per | iy En = rm, the. gener progress. etig ee 
to what is good or bad for them ; and though a dislike week, has for iis principal diet three 4Ibs. loaves of the best may be represented thus;—In the time bs 
f, A r wheaten bread per week, or nearly 28 diem ; and 31bs. of | bushels of seed were nly used, when the yield was only 
for a certain food may be trp ona in time, I believe | cheese per ie id r 50z. per an He I aloo have his quart 16 bushels aeri; on the yield was five-fold om 
l will et on hich it | of strong beer, which costs 6d. per diem. If he did not prefer the he sown; at the p it is more thaw 12-fold. In 
pee Cer improved cultivation to which I haye“ 
two bushels of seed are made to suffice fora 
8 
naturally d islikes as upon another for which it is greedy. beer, he might have for his 6d. three quarters of a Ib. bes 
the 
referr 
or the. ad is 17-1 fold be ge the seed sown 
or 1 1b. ofordinary mea Pak goerie i far higher aaee 
2, In the ei Dia it may, be stated that the oil than that of toa smal ne tame ers, who never mopa rapes Fy , and byan 
of Rape-s seed n rally possesses a disa; isagreeable smell E occasion of great feativalg, and whose tigers le drill it is expected to be advanced to 20-fold. Indeed, Mr. Mechi 
and taste, and is pn nes ee Sie, WN | (a ee res inferior grain. | Seto oe panal ee ee 
contains al abou t 11 per cent. of this oil, thus has a pn displaying the inducements to im ent, as in- as bus r y 
d Lae volving the condition of the It 1 abe ene as» well tinen view 
len agricultural labou . agricu 
byt ng us subsistences and interchange, allow me to advert more parti- ane took at the agr of topepslations = jot tee pathos 
to ca 
tile. 
dailies In na third place, I would observe that Rape-cake | future promise of agricultural production. 
cularly to some points of actual progress and some evidence of 
a passage: — “And it is thus that adjoining land 
where bad yield is a rae 40 bushels per acre, eek 4 
uch lar rger proportion of indigestible > woody Some of our political economists have assumed Vea 2 the future manured and well tilled, we find other land where 
it ‘toi a na fon ofporer mt agen can only be obtai by the wield ef Wheat is no thi Peit aad itis 
on of poorer soils for a Jess and less return, wi a greater | thus that the culty stics prove that the average 
an average abo 9 per cent. of woody matter, eg mca ogre expense of labour. But these assumptions I have gene- | is no more pong em 11 to 13 adtak pee acre, for the whole of 
espects the soils at present ce.” Whilst th eae turn even of the Department 
e: ut 
former contains as much as 20 per E sabe even more. | tally | found to be erroneous, evenas res 
not con- 
As stated above, the proportion of s 
of Paris, and of se climate as vada 
ical 
of the Seine, with all the advantages of ger to the manure” 
for Wheat does 
taining nitrogen is almost as great in ey as as th Linseed- | great expenses of ai exit Soktare are nearly constant, whether for | not appear from the statistical returns Ay more than 1$ 
cake. But as in the case of Rape-cake, about one half heavy or light production; thus rent, local or general taxes, the | hectolitres per hectare ; ‘ie average yield Cimi the seed sown 
nees nae ge wo Bre which na labour of aring the land, ploughing, harrowing, rolling, | throi ray me France appears, according to Count ves Boas in 
wat ie mal, drilling, and the seed corn are the same whatever the crop may —— pem aes ataja A ani jga rari gt under 20 
d- | be, a d that except in th pra of manure—i.e., in the amount of ctolitre: bushels t! 
Tako. ing only 9 per pira pr indigestible bre, it | ammonia supplied, and a mount for threshing, &c., there pen nidered: boty statistics P eonia pre hee cor died petit 
sd that Linseed-cake must be superior in this respect is no substantial diffe en a of 20 bushels and | with others which econ taken ae pm of labour, of pro- 
f 40 bushels per acre. The gain of a greater and greater | ductive subsistences entation, for a future, 
rn, at a less and less expense by high as compa ith low 
a ig to e, hi 
t may be as well to bear in mind that good entra ion, is shown in a table contained in i able treatise 
Lined ate is hardly if ever adulterated, and seldom y Mons. eré pen he Ancien Di recteur des Cul 
with foreign seeds, whereas Rape. 
mixed pe- 
more frequently than any other deseription of cake the | charges of Teige the yield of corn and its return in money 
and th 
seeds of weeds. ill 
y in Fecoen izing in Rape-c ake the seeds of Mustard, 294 francs per fein iod uding 74 francs for manure, the yield 
seeds Wheat 1s 14 hectolitres pe el 
Charlock, and other weeds, Some of these 
pe sang eable, bitter, or acrid tas 
would direct special attention to the fact 
ir that 
ks often ere ag a considerable proportion of Mustard | expense of 13 francs 37 centimes the heetolitre ; whilst with high 
of 
seed, In 
Rape is fe own on account of the oil Which its seed | nearly 42 bushels, at a net price of 7 francs 52 centimes per 
furnishes, the fields are often very foul with Mustard ; | hectolitre, say at 6s. the 2.75 es that is to say at 40s., 328., 
but as Mustard itself is grown on account 
d possibly may | acre, at an aiies of 17 francs 52 centimes (13s. 10d.) per beci 
tre, è diate eulture, 
“Wane gai later, pers ae be poner 
A 
ig So es de l'Institut | the condition Y eos ae the small farm or 
gronomique 
cake contains In this table, dis; fees g the relation of the fixed and variable 
fin o diffi- | on the one par the opent yof manure applied on the 
ulture, w 
otal per hectare, ding nes for 
Rape- manure, the yield is 20 hectolitres, or say 21 bushels, at a total 
where much 
p! 
Irish 
of its oleagi- | and 17s. 4a, per quarter 
dh i 
ten pany rr 
i prefet, to whom I described statistically 
cottier la ari of 
eee France. And = 
Treland; declared that in its main features it was applicable to 
ari s smal. 
mi m 
ee 
cottier and small farmers, live in mud hovels of only one room > 
shown in a late census, 346,000 
or 
aang apc ee of the energies of the: 
labourer, the working s of his days, or mady spers a: 
the labour within the ou sari ‘his days are reduced to t 
those of an English labourer,—and indeed of an Irish labourer in 
n s tat + Cae pt, om Looking at the great extent of low culture, it will be obvious 
me soena ako oo cente hens ce it | that at times much corn must be exported from France, and I am | England, under more syatematised direction— that from 
that Be e ie ex- | assured that it is so often from Poland, not only without any | holydays, saints’ days, attendances at meetings, at law suits with 
eed ppor ustard. injurious ease cole t Sr Le oe ear to the Appt id a the begani pe hes has po Oe eine nora ve Sac wee to 
the i ra o f production, These figures repre say e sel working days of his year are to , or to one- 
‘aise enko ie gi nf Segoe affect nig aS Toy of the lik pgosition of high aid low anak oe of the iiia Si third less than those of an English labourer ; that from his resi- 
Pp PP! 0 so much as cat Y | agricultural progress in England. In lg middle ages, it was | dence mud hovel—himself and all his family, and 
Mustard. pe-cake, which is "rau quite — from | laid down in law that if a farmer did not produce 11 bushels an | his pig in the P, filthy, and unhealthy, the 
Mustard, therefore fr mi be given with greater a tage | acre he might be turned out of his firm’ Tor bad Maning In the | worki of his life are reduced by eight or ten years, or 
middle of the last century, or in the time of our first great agri- | nearly one-fourth less than those of an English agricul 
p than to ca 
The fact re some samples of Rape-ca 
da 
pie 
others comparatively free from it, perhaps | time of Arthur Young, the average yield of Wheat of the coi 
ny mi as 
growing districts in England was about 20 bushels per acre; at 
who = as os differences of opinion which ae present some statistical returns give about 27 or 28 bushels; ee be Phssasmsganin’? hands = charged, up upon the reduced of 
y ve tried hape- t specting its feed- | jut more carefully conducted recent statistical returns give orking jaat years. ha sew > or 
ing value. Rape-cake, free from foreign seed ll | the average of one county (Norfolk) 30 bushels of Wheat; pie “tt reland’s iy aa bers of the Co: 
= but the returns of the examiners for the great corn factors sant with statisties, to wia I submit the form r 
ca 
pe-e el 
kept, may indeed be a valuable and economic article of t 
: te ge “tt or merchants, on heisasa I should rely, give more Pavias that, or 
cultu T, e 
ke are full of | acre; at the commencement of the present century, in the 
e 
peo 
nyel 
aidérktiok, will appreciate their dreadful im 
e returns pie ii agr freak 
from the 
aeee sit and the ity of the adult 
productive hands a pana amount of pecuniary charge for the 
ree Of a larger proportion of dependent bape 
port, in ee 
from poor culture 
food ; but there is often Rape-cake sold Dau ra 
‘1 ` 32 bushels the acre, the real aver: of the corn: -growin with the statistics of th of 
which contains so much Mustard that it is diffieu distri oa : set z Meare moeder hvala little capital. y 
Waser the cake is Ra ustard In the condition of low culture tesa ripe which corn was| With us, if we pose it were put as a dilemma to choose , 
Sı should never be Pac, gem ETE i cake. rained approached ta 40v. the quarter, o 5s. a bushel; in 184Sit | whether we should, return to the agriculture and the 
for it ; g purposes, | was, as shown by Mr. Huxtable, to foaboat 3s, 93d. per bushel | yie! commencement of century or give up 
or it is eavtain to injure the’ condition of the animals | for a yield of 32 bushels, rent, tithes, and rates being 1l. 8s. 4d. | the I I believe there would be little hesitation om 
to which i it is give acre; whilst, in the cases for France, given by M. Lecouteux, | the part of the majority of the population; and I believe 
it is put ‘down as 45 francs hectare, or 14s. the acre, Since 
o be continued.) 
MR. CHADWICK 
ON TI 
PROGRES: R OSITION OF E sppliances 
Rete gtd beige ti i s oe profitably there fore Aiet pr d aikata t Spakar ana 
Tue follo i a further portion of Mr. Chadwic! “i 
address a cue 'ongre! 
containing peace facts and observations 
then Mr. Huxtable has increased his average yield to 36 bushels agri 
and reduced his cost of production bebe 4d. per bushel, or between | present decl average France; and I hope that it may 
10 and 11 franes the “orci a arp eg taxes being as as above | be confidently predicated of of our neighbours on 
stated, or 90 francs n on a chalk soil, | this side of the Channel, that if it were fairly put to the vote they 
where there is I “rt fra ser availabe ye the htele faces farm without | would fer to their capital and 
engineerin which I believe could only be enacted doubling their present production by attaining averags 
of England on their present territory by better agriculture than. 
CULTURE pi 
re paar ere eee e and where consequently there is not room ag Pe ipina mai that they should have the uisite means 
m h t S| cultivation on a sufficiently large tes ion of the fi In the | the superficial extent of their territory by war. 
ss of Bienfaisance at Brussels, | Lothians the average yield has been i aterro NEENA th our agriculturists the “fiy? and the wireworm are now 
i in | to 36- and 40 bushels per acre; and ote farms afford standards | the enemies thate: the greatest apprehension, and 
for a yet further advance. I ingly pay taxes far došmooon applet: Se Sar 
tator. Marshes and lands surcharged stagnant moisture are- 
England, rt his rota as Commissioner of Inquiry, 
into A member of Parliament for Bradford, Mr. Wickham, a 
the admin the Poor Law, and elena Yorkshire proprietor, who is now rain is I am glad’ to 
compari: ballenge as understatemen! 
| 
The chief detrimental circumstance which in 
in s hae 
cao grievously obstructs the operation of the elementary | Stated in the returns collected by Sir Jón Walsham, the official 
P| 
their estates, to avoid the legal liability to legal claims for t wash 
relief of theinbou in the event of anon arising from any * Mr. Huxtable’s s charges are—reni tithes, 5s.; poors’ 
rie! 
EAE 
HFA nH 
elger ii in 
EE] 2 H Ze 
ALLEL as 
se ey 22 
ne 
WIE EERDERE 
MH 3 tsi: 
peii 
A A A 
JAE FHR 
S 2AE a 
a ee 
HERTE ees 
R gg 
ga? 
Ag 
egsgs 
pire. 
asigi 
HAF 
telat 
EHL 
2 
nE 
ER 
d 
HZ 
AA 
with the 
districts and artisans in our towns, it a 
to observe upon the fac 
pie EEEE r 
at law proprietors | returns to the producer, coincidently with consumption 
at reduced prices :— 
ies Taweiliogs in vil- | rowing, drilling, crushing, il; 
re are 
lebæ; where, whilst | 42. 10s. 
the: 
T 
a 
Şa 
E a 
| 
ae 
A 
F 
S 
R 
$ 
d 
y mo! 
y have the slave's | at 6d., 1/. 11s. 6d., ma! ane: ae per bushel extra, or 6l. 2s. 6d. for 
actical operation The French fixed charges 
rded by com] 
distriets—that all parties. suffer by cul 3 
irae th cult and competi of ia cyan a eae tale aana chs oat of petit 
the i vis al S: 
“ott rs bs ag rar be ai Wheat; and he shows, moreover, that with iit ey open we 
i my colleagues of the | shou! ion of seed ind; | , 
t par mti Tenpora IT a y Mr. E. Denison that by the im] ts in tillage, the working 
are 2" xpenses 
a EROR the legislative principles under consideration | protective duty, which for Englan 
en sri 
on otl 40 s 
large districts | per acre. I have little doubt that the Norfolk average is under- 
them an that tha spare: labour 
ti ex ing eae tab amen a engineering os eae 
the repeal of the corn laws, and as playing e element appa- fas ipso 
0! within rent inmanufacturing api aa e undimi oro i paame 
r. t, 1 
by | rates, 2s. 6d.; way rates, 10d.; total, 1. ord» r palk a , har- 
porket eee! E | out EANAN a ria rbis Gs? Mied- keeping 
w, | and , 5s.; reaping, Sies har veatiiigs Ss. id.; hit fe 
i rick for threshing and marketing, 4s. 10d.; threshing 38 bushels 
“ get- | at 1àd. per bushel, 4s. 6d.; seed two Dostel My or a total of 
. of 
iE os or 2s. 6d. per bushel, 
work | element, the manure, for which he sets down 
can 
I would most y submit that it is 
ory ae 
who 
a eea ae shiek, hartge AE 
mproveme 
might be further Lori spite tely reduced upwards of 
regar to be observed 
to me to | that the cost of trans aed irrevoes| 
mae bom Poe aa pis inoue Beets GE 
that the budgets of | quarter. 
Bye BP ODH 
