—— CHAPTER XV. 
GEOLOGY OF THE TEJON PASS AND CANADA DE LAS UVAS—SECTION 
OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. 
SIERRA NEVADA AT THE TEJON.— BOUNDARIES OF THE TEJON.—-TEJON PASS AND CANADA DE LAS UVAS.—EOLOGICAL MAP AND SECTIONS,— 
SECTION OF THE SIERRA NEVADA AT THE TEJON.—ROCKS OF THE WESTERN RIDGE.—PLANES OF STRUCTURE OR LAMINATION.—GRANITIO 
OUTCROPS IN THE PLAIN.—SECTION AT THE TEJON RAYINE.—W HITE LIMESTONE.—ROCKS AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE pass.—Drirt 
DEPOSITS.—OAK TREES.—ROCK AT THE SUMMIT AND BEYOND.—QUARTZ ROCK.—WHITE CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE AND QUARTZ ROCK.— 
PROBABLE SEDIMENTARY ORIGIN.—PLICATIONS OR FOLDING OF THE STRATA.—PROBABLE CARBONIFEROUS AGE.— GENERAL TREND OF THE 
ROCKS.—TERTIARY AND POST TERTIARY DEPOSITS.—DRIFT OF THE VALLEY OF THE PASS.—SECTION AT THE CANADA DE LAS UVAS — 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SECTION; ITS DIRECTION.— SIMILARITY OF THE ROCKS TO THOSE OF THE TEJON,—W HITE CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE 
IN RIDGES.—GRANITE NEAR CASTECA LAKE.—LIMESTONE WITH TRAP DYKES AND IRON ORE.—PROBABLE SYNCHRONISM OF THE LIMESTONE 
WITH THAT OF THE TEJON.—VOLCANIC ROCKS AND SANDSTONE.—RELATIONS OF THE VALLEY OF THE PASS TO THE BERNARDINO SIERRA 
AND THE SLOPE OF THE GREAT BASIN. 
The Sierra Nevada at the southern part of the Tulare Valley ceases to be a range of snowy 
heights, and is broken into a series of ridges, not exceeding six or seven thousand feet in eleva- 
tion. These ridges do not conform in their direction to that of the Sierra Nevada a short distance 
to the northward, or at the head waters of Posuncula River, neither do they exhibit any well 
defined parallelism among themselves, but extend in different directions, generally inclining 
southwesterly, turning more and more to the west as they succeed southward, until their direc- 
tion becomes nearly transverse to the general direction of the Sierra Nevada, and they unite 
with the mountain ranges lying west of the Tulares ; commonly known as the prolongation of 
the Coast Range or Coast Mountains. The angle which is thus formed by the intersection or 
unison of the Sierra with the Coast Mountains is not abrupt nor well defined ; the ridges being 
arranged so that they form a great curve around the head of the Tulare Valley, and partly 
enclose the large space known as the Tejon. On the northeastern side of this plain-like area, 
a projecting ridge of granite forms a partial boundary on the north, and extending nearly 
parallel with the main ridge, it shuts off a portion of the Tejon from the broad plains of the 
Tulare Valley. The portion of the Tejon thus bounded is a nearly quadrangular space with 
mountains on three sides, it being open only towards the southwest. It was in this part of the 
Tejon that the Depot Camp was located. 
The Tejon Pass extends from the eastern side of this part of the Tejon, by the valley of the 
Tejon Creek, over the crest of the Sierra to the Great Basin on the eastern side. Its general or 
average direction is N. 60? W., S. 60° E. The Cañada de las Uvas is about twenty miles 
further to the southwest, and may be said to turn the southern extremity of the Sierra Nevada. 
The relative positions of these passes, and the direction of the mountains, may be seen by 
reference to the small Geological Map prepared to accompany this chapter. The topography is 
taken from the General Map of the Survey, and is on the same scale. The portion of the country 
represented includes the southern end of the Sierra Nevada, from Tah-ee-chay-pah Pass south- 
westerly to the Cañada de las Uvas; also, a portion of the Bernardino Sierra, from the Pass of 
Amédio to Williamson's Pass. On the western side of the Sierra Nevada, the slope of the 
