[21] DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING PLANTS— KNOWLTON. 



trees be put iu pockets. The object iu thus disposing of the material is 

 to prevent the mixing of the species and the loss of the smaller parts. 

 Always write the date and place of collection on the pocket. These 

 can then be tied into bundles of ten each. Pressure greater than this is 

 not necessary, and frequently harmful. The bunches are laid in the 

 sun or near a warm stove to dry. The only care needed is to turn 

 ihem over frequently the first few days, and change the inside pockets 

 to the outside. 



In case there is neither time nor facilities for disposing of the mosses 

 as directed above, it is sufficient to take common newspaper and care- 

 fully wrap up the separate cushions or sods. On long trips extending 

 over weeks it may be found necessary to let material dry, bunched in 

 this way. This answers fairly well if the bunches are dried promptly 

 and are then protected against crushing. Whenever convenient they 

 may be remoistened and separated and cared for properly. 



Lastly, a word ou liow much to collect of each species. When a mo&s 

 is found in good fruit, alivays collect abundantly. There are several 

 reasons for this precaution. First, a sample of a moss should not be 

 understood to mean a few plants with fruits, but of a pocket comforta- 

 bly full of plants. And a number of such samples ought to be secured 

 for each species if possible. Secondly, a new species may be discovered. 

 In such a case to have gathered only a small amount would always be 

 a source of regret. Still another reason is the fact that some species 

 are found to be common in a locality one year, and then to disappear 

 from it for a long period or entirely. 



With these suggestions it is hoped that new collectors will be able 

 to secure useful and valuable material. 



LIVERWORTS (HEPATIC^). 



" Hepaticse in general are best collected late in the fall, during the 

 winter or early spring, the Jungermanniacese about the time or a little 

 before they send up their fruit stalk. All are best collected before they 

 shed their spores." (E. A. Eau in Botanical Gazette^ xi, p. 141.) 



Much of what has been said in regard to searching for and preparing 

 mosses will apply to the liverworts. They grow on old logs and stumps, 

 trunks of trees, stones, and on damp ground. They may be removed 

 entire from the matrix or may be taken with a thin shaving of the log, 

 tree or soil, upon which they grow. They should be dried under very 

 moderate pressure, and may be kept in envelopes or i3ockets. 



LICHENS. 



Lichens are to be found in a great variety of places, but principally 

 on rocks, trunks of trees, stumps and decaying logs, and on the ground. 

 When they are found growing on a soft matrix, such as soil, logs, or 

 trunks of trees, they can usually be removed with a strong sharp knife 

 by cutting just under them and removing a thin layer of the matrix ; 



