132 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



called " Norway pine" ; but wrongly, for this species is not found in Norway, nor in 

 Europe. It is mostly from 50 to 75 feet high, but seldom more than about a foot in dia- 

 meter. Clark reports that it attains a hight of 90 feet and diameter of 20 inches, north 

 of lake Superior. It is considerably sawn for lumber, and is also much used for piles, 

 as for wharves and foundations of bridge piers. In the region of the upper Mississippi 

 this species is reported by Garrison as occurring in two varieties, which are distin- 

 guished by lumbermen under the names Hard Norway pine and Red-barked Norway 

 pine. 



P. Strobiifs, L. White Pine. 



Common through the north half of the state, excepting west of Red lake and the 

 lake of the Woods ; preferring somewhat clayey land, occasionally making a majestic 

 forest without intermixture of other large trees, but oftener associated with maple, 

 elm, bass, oak, ash, and other deciduous species ; frequent along the north side of lake 

 Superior, but forming no extensive pine forest on the immediate shore. This is the 

 largest, as well as the most useful, of our trees, growing from 80 to 125, rarely 150, feet 

 in hight, and from three to six feet in diameter. 



The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of Chisago 

 county westerly through Kanabec and Mille Lacs counties, the northeast corner of 

 Benton county, Morrison county, and northeastern Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee 

 City, and the "White Earth reservation ; but only a comparatively small part of the 

 region northeast of this line is covered with pine woods. Southeastward, beyond this 

 limit, white pine occurs rarely and locally in the vicinity of the Mississippi, St. Croix, 

 Cannon, Zumbro and Root rivers, in most instances on bluffs of these or their tributary 

 streams ; as at Saint Cloud, Dayton, Minnehaha falls. Pine Bend. Taylor's Falls, Fran- 

 conia (where it was first cut in Minnesota, to any considerable extent, for lumber), near 

 Cannon River Falls, near Mantorville, near Rochester, in section 29, Saint Charles, 

 Winona county, and at various points in Fillmore and Houston counties. 



Mr. Piatt B. Walker, of Minneapolis, editor of the Lumherman and Manufacturer, 

 states that approximately 400,000,000 feet (board-measure) of pine are annually cut In 

 the north central part of this state, on the 31ississippi river and its tributaries, about 

 three-quarters of which are sawed at Minneapolis; and that some 200,000,000 feet are 

 annually cut on the St. Croix river and its branches, about half of which is cut in Min- 

 nesota, chiefly on the Snake river, the amount sawed at Stillwater being some 100,000,000 

 feet yearly. Throughout these districts about three-quarters of the timber cut are 

 white pine, and the remainder red or Norway pine. Much white pine is also cut on the 

 St. Louis river, the Otter Tail river, Clearwater river (a tributary of Red Lake river), and 

 recently on the Rainy Lake river ; and red pine is cut on Pine creek, tributary to 

 Roseau lake and river, west of the lake of the Woods. 



The amount of merchantable pine standing in Minnesota in 1880 was estimated by 

 C. S. Sargent, special agent of the United States census, at 6,100,000,000 feet; and the 

 amount cut in the state during the preceding year Is reported to be 540,997,000 feet. 



PICE A, Link. Spruce. 



P. nigra, Link. (Abies nigra, Poir.) Black Spruce. Double Spruce. 



Common northeastwaid ; extending south to Chisago and Isanti counties, and west 

 to Spruce Hill, Douglas county, the White Earth reservation, Red lake, and the lake of 

 the Woods and Roseau river. It attains, in favorable situations, a hight of 70 feet and 

 diameter of 18 inches, Clark; but usually it is small, and none of it is cut for lumber in 

 this state. 



P. alba, Link. (A. alba, Michx.) White Spruce. Single Spruce. 



Common far northward ; extending south to Moose Lake, Carlton county, Upham, 

 and to the upper Mississippi river and White Earth reservation, Garrison, and west to 

 the lake of the Woods and Roseau river ; 20 feet high, 8 inches in diameter, Clark. 



TSUGA, Carnfre. Hemi.ock-Sprjjce. 



T. Canadensis, Carriere. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) Hemlock-Spruce. 

 Hemlock. 

 Mentioned by Nicollet as observed in the region of the upper Mississippi, and by 



