208 SckeWs Landscape-Gardening. 



must judge from those points of view from which it will be seen 

 to most advantage, whether this mass requires more height or 

 more extent, in what particular places he must add more earth 

 to develope its form more distinctly, and with more character, 

 truth, and nature, &c. When all this is done, then those places 

 which are either to be small elevations or concavities must be 

 marked out with small sticks, by which the hill will acquire 

 more variety of outline, ease, and lightness of form, and con- 

 sequently more nature and grace. These small elevations, by 

 the repeated accumulation of earth, will be formed into masses 

 in the same manner as for hills. Hollows in places which appear 

 to be too heavy and flat, are produced by removing at random, 

 and without any regard to form, a part of the earth with spades 

 and shovels, and then smoothing the surface of the hollow thus 

 formed with a harrow or rake. All other smaller elevations, with 

 their various indentions and hollows, which nature unceasingly 

 and ever variously displays, will, by this method of raising hills, 

 come of themselves as if by chance, and consequently quite 

 naturally ; neither the artist nor the workman has any other par- 

 ticipation in their existence, but that they have not prevented 

 nor impeded these appearances from being produced. 



8. The last operation on those hills produced by the creative 

 art of gardening consists in turning over the surface, either with 

 a shallow ploughing when they are of great extent, or on a 

 smaller scale with the spade, and then scattering about the earth 

 by means of harrows or rakes in different directions. By this 

 last operation the rough surface will be smoothed ; all stiff forms, 

 as well as the too apparent and sharp transitions, will thereby 

 acquire more roundness and delicacy, they will become blended 

 with each other in a natural and harmonious manner ; and a 

 beautiful object, a gently swelling hill resembling nature, which 

 must in gardens take precedence of rude, angular, steep crea- 

 tions, notwithstanding their picturesque effect, is finally presented 

 to the eye.* 



On the Formation of Valleys. 



9. Valleys may also be considered as among the most charm- 

 ing attributes of modern gardens. How inviting is the beautiful 

 description of the Vale of Tempe in Thessaly, which was watered 

 by the river Peneus, and planted with ever verdant trees, with 

 which Apollo, as conqueror, was crowned ! 



* When a temple or a monument is to be erected on a hill that is to be 

 raised artificially, the foundation walls must first be raised as high as the hill 

 itself is to be raised. The hill must rest against these walls, and the temple 

 itself must assume its visible form at the surface of the earth ; otherwise the 

 hill must be again taken down to secure a solid foundation. 



