638 Catalogue of Works on Gardening, fyc. 



of it every clay throughout the year, when he is visible. For this reason, the 

 front of the cottage can only be parallel to the public road in the case of roads 

 in the direction of north-east, south-west, north-west, and south-east ; in all 

 other cases the front must be placed obliquely to the road, which, as we have 

 previously shown, is greatly preferable to having the front parallel to the road. 



"3. Every cottage ought to have the floor elevated, that it may be dry; 

 the walls double, or hollow, or battened, or not less than 18 in. thick, that 

 they may retain heat ; with a course of slate or flagstone, or tiles bedded in 

 cement, 6 in. above the surface, to prevent the rising of damp ; the roof thick, 

 or double, for the sake of warmth ; and projecting 18 in. or 2 ft. at the eaves, 

 in order to keep the walls dry, and to check the radiation of heat from their 

 exterior surface. 



" 4. In general, every cottage ought to be two stories high, so that the 

 sleeping-rooms may not be on the ground floor, and the ground floor ought 

 not to be less than from 6 in. to 1 ft. above the outer surface. 



" 5. The minimum of accommodation ought to be a kitchen or living-room, 

 a back-kitchen or wash-house, and a pantry, on the ground floor, with three 

 bed-rooms over ; or two rooms and a wash-house on the ground floor, and 

 two bed-rooms over. 



"6. Every cottage, including its garden, yard, &c., ought to occupy not 

 less than one sixth of an acre; and the garden ought to surround the cottage, 

 or at all events to extend both before and behind. In general, there ought to 

 be a front garden and a back yard ; the latter being entered from the back- 

 kitchen, and containing a privy, liquid-manure tank, place for dust and ashes, 

 and place for fuel. 



" 7. If practicable, every cottage ought to stand singly and surrounded by 

 its garden ; or, at all events, not more than two cottages ought to be joined 

 together. Among other important arguments in favour of this arrangement, it 

 may be mentioned, that it is the only one by which the sun can shine every 

 day on every side of the cottage. When cottages are joined together in a row, 

 unless that row is in a diagonal direction, with reference to a south and north 

 line, the sun will shine chiefly on one side. By having cottages singly or in 

 pairs, they may always be placed along any road, in such a manner that the 

 sun may shine on every side of them ; provided the point be given up of 

 having the front parallel to the road ; a point which, in our opinion, ought 

 not for a moment to be put in competition with the advantages of an equal 

 diffusion of sunshine. 



. " 8. Every cottage ought to have an entrance porch for containing the la- 

 bourer's tools, and into which, if possible, the stairs ought to open, in order 

 that the bed-rooms may be communicated with without passing through the 

 front or back kitchen. This, in the case of sickness, is very desirable ; and 

 also in the case of deaths, as the remains may be carried down stairs while 

 the family are in the front room. 



" 9. The door to the front kitchen or best room should open from the 

 porch and not from the back-kitchen, which, as it contains the cooking 

 utensils and washing-apparatus, can never be fit for being passed through by 

 a stranger, or even the master of the family, where proper regard is had by 

 the mistress to cleanliness and delicacy. 



*' 10. When there is not a supply of clear water from a spring adjoining the 

 cottage, or from some other efficient source, then there ought to be a well 

 or tank partly under the floor of the back-kitchen supplied from the roof, with 

 a pump in the back-kitchen for drawing it up for use, as hereafter described 

 in detail. The advantages of having the tank or well under the back-kitchen 

 are, that it will be secure from frost, and that the labour of carrying water 

 will be avoided. 



" 11. The privy should always be separated from the dwelling, unless it is 

 a proper water-closet, with a soil pipe communicating with a distant liquid- 

 manure tank or cesspool. When detached, the privy should be over or 

 adjoining a liquid-manure tank, in which a straight tube from the bottom of 



